Weber’s The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism Essay Example for Free

Weber’s The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism Essay Maximilian Weber was a social scientist and political economist who is believed to be one of the fathers of the contemporary branch of public governance and sociology. Now better known as Max Weber, he was born on April 21, 1864 in Germany, the eldest among the brood of seven. His sociopolitical roots can be attributed to his father, Max Weber Sr. , who was a well-known elected official and social servant, while his modesty to her mother Helene Fallenstein. This sociopolitical inclination indeed ran in the family as Alfred Weber, his younger brother, was similarly a economist and sociologist (Turner, 1993). With Weber’s foremost and yet most influential oeuvre The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism, a whole lot of his other shaping discourses contained in his journal began to circulate in 1904 (Ringer, 1997). In 1912, Weber made an attempt to institute a left-wing party in politics in an effort to coalesce liberals and social democrats. Though, this endeavor was abortive for the reason that a number of liberals were apprehensive of the radical ideologies of the social democrats (Baehr, 2002). Plagued by pneumonia in Munich, Maximilian Weber departed this life on the twentieth of June in 1920 (Turner, 1993). Indeed, no sociologist other than his contemporaries, like Karl Marx, has had a greater impact on sociology than the German sociologist Max Weber (Novak, 2005). Significantly a good deal of Weber’s work represented a debate with the ghost of Marx. Although finding much of value in Marx’s writings, Weber disagreed with Marx on a number of important matters. Over the course of his career, Weber left a legacy of rich insights for a variety of disciplines including economics, political science and history. Among sociologists, he is known not only for his theoretical contributions but for a number of specific ideas that in their own right have generated considerable interest and research. His sociological work covered a wide range of topics, including politics, bureaucracies, social stratification, law, religion, capitalism, music, the city, and cross-cultural comparison (Ringer, 1997). Weber believed that sociologists can derive an understanding of their subject matter in a manner that is unavailable to chemists and physicists. In investigating human behavior, sociologists are not limited to such objective criteria as weight and temperature; they can examine the meanings individuals bring to their interactions with one another. Consequently, Weber contended that a critical aspect of the sociological enterprise is the study of the intentions, beliefs, values, and attitudes that underlie people’s behavior (Ringer, 1997). Weber employed the German word Verstehen, meaning understanding or insight, in describing this approach for learning about subjective meanings people attach to their actions. In using this method, Weber mentally attempts to place themselves in the shoes of other people and identify what they think and how they feel. Whereas Durkheim argued that sociologists should direct their investigations primarily to social facts that lie beyond the individual, Weber thought it also essential that sociologists examine the definitions people use in shaping their behavior (Ringer, 1997). Another notable contribution made by Weber is his concept of the ideal type. An ideal type is a concept constructed by a sociologist to portray the principal characteristics of a phenomenon. The term has nothing to do with evaluations of any sort. Rather, it is a tool that allows sociologists to generalize and simplify data by ignoring minor differences in order to accentuate major similarities. Weber contended that if sociologists are to establish cause-and-effect relationships, they must have concepts that are defined in a precise and unambiguous manner. The ideal type affords such a standard, especially in the study of concrete historical events and situations. It serves as a measuring rod against which sociologists can evaluate actual cases (Ringer, 1997). In his writings, Weber stressed the importance of a value-free sociology. He insisted sociologists must not only allow their personal biases to affect the conduct of their scientific research. Weber recognized that sociologists like everyone else, have individual biases and moral convictions regarding behavior. But he insisted that sociologists must cultivate a disciplined approach to the phenomena they study so that they may see facts as they are, and not as they might wish them to be. By the same token, as discussed in his work Objectivity In Social Science, Weber recognized that objectivity is not neutrality (Ringer, 1997). Neutrality implies that a person does not take sides on an issue; objectivity has to do with the pursuit of scientifically verifiable knowledge. Weber saw a role for values in certain specific aspects of the research process, namely, in selecting a topic for study and in determining the uses to which the knowledge is put. Clearly, data do not speak for themselves; they must be interpreted by scientists (Ringer, 1997). For his part, Weber was led to study bureaucracy because it was an important part of the Germany in which he lived. Moreover, was not afraid to express a value judgment or to tackle important issues of the day (Baehr, 2002). Weber was particularly impressed by the ability of bureaucracies to rationalize and control the process by which people collectively pursue their goals (Baehr, 2002). Although he was concerned about some of the negative consequences of bureaucracy, Weber contended that the needs of mass administration made bureaucracy an essential feature or modern organizational life. In his work The Theory of Social and Economic Cooperation, Weber argued that bureaucracy is an inherent feature of modern capitalism (Ringer, 1997). Yet he was equally insistent that a socialist society could not dispense with the arrangement. Indeed, Weber thought that socialism would see an increase, not a decrease, in bureaucratic structures. While recognizing the limitations of capitalism, he nonetheless felt it presented the best chances for the preservation of individual freedom and creative leadership in a world dominated by formal organizations as in his time (Ringer, 1997). In The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism, Weber turned his sociological eye to one historic breakthrough, the development of capitalism. He sought a link between the rise of the Protestant view of life and the emergence of capitalist social arrangements in Western society. He maintained that the development of capitalism depended upon the creation of a pool of individuals who had the attitudes and values necessary to function as entrepreneurs. The critical problem, Weber said, is to uncover the origin of the motivating spirit of capitalism in precapitalist society. He believed that Protestantism, particularly Calvinism, was crucial to, but not the only factor in, the rise of this spirit (Novak, 2005). As the milieu influenced Weber, Calvinism is actually based on the teachings of the French theologian and reformer John Calvin, and found expression in a variety of religious movements, including Puritanism, Pietism, and Anabaptism. Weber noted that Protestantism and modern capitalism appeared on the historical scene at roughly the same time. There were other links as well. First, capitalism initially attained its highest development in Protestant countries, particularly the United States and England whereas Catholic nations like Spain and Italy lagged behind. Second, in nations with both Protestant and Catholic regions? such as Germany in his time, it seemed to be the Protestant regions that pioneered in capitalist development. And third, Weber marshaled evidence that suggested it was by and large the Protestants, not the Catholics, who became the early capitalist entrepreneurs (Novak, 2005). It is worth noting that The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism was one of Weber’s earlier works. In lectures given shortly before his death, Weber incorporated many new elements in his analysis of the origins of large-scale capitalism (Ringer, 1997). Even so, his early work, although not necessarily accurate in all its particulars, remains a sociological landmark. It demonstrates the impact religion can have on human affairs in producing outcomes that are not necessarily intended or foreseen by its adherents. References Baehr, Peter. (2002). â€Å"In the Grip of Freedom: Law and Modernity in Max Weber. † Canadian Journal of Sociology. Novak, Michael. (2005). â€Å"Max Weber Goes Global. † First Things: A Monthly Journal of Religion and Public Life. Ringer, Fritz. (1997). Max Weber’s Methodology: The Unification of the Cultural and Social Sciences. Harvard University Press. Turner, Bryan S. (1993). Max Weber: From History to Modernity. Routledge.

Expansion Strategy of Honda

Expansion Strategy of Honda 1.0 Introduction Honda was started by Soichiro Honda in the 40s after receiving his first contract with Toyota in manufacturing piston ring. Since in school, Soichiro Honda started developing piston ring in order to get a contract with Toyota. His determination had bring Honda into todays success, Fail for so many times, Soichiro Honda never give up and continue his dream and successfully get the contract with Toyota. Honda Motor Company produces not only cars as known generally but also produces track, motorbike, watercraft and those gasoline engines. Instead, Honda is the world largest engine manufacturer (Ronnie, 2009) Started in Japan, Honda expand into many other country using different kind of entry mode includes Foreign Direct investment, exporting, alliances and joint ventures. At first, around 1970s Honda enter into USA market by exporting the N600 which say to be the fastest at that time. In 1976, Honda continues expanding in USA by building car plant is Accord plant in Marysville. Today, Honda has total of three plant in Ohio where the other two is located at Alabama and South Carolina. (Ronnie, 2009) Honda is a successful automobile which is manufacturers lawnmowers, power equipment, motorcycles, and generators. Therefore, Honda has opened its doors to the franchising market. After Honda was franchising it market, Honda was continuous successful in automobile industry. With an establishing brand name of Honda, the franchisees can get the recognition from the customers. They can easily to the franchisees to start doing their business. The Honda franchisees are required to pay Honda franchise at least $250,000. As a return, Honda franchisees are able to list everything you need and want from the franchise deal before you sign the agreement. In addition, Honda franchise also has taken good care to the franchisees. They have provides 2 week training course for new franchise owners. This can able the new franchisees to learn how to operate the businesses. Besides that, Honda Franchise also has give the ongoing support for the franchise through internet and online support, regular visits, newsletters and meetings and so on. The Honda Franchisees can apply their owns concept to the business, but they need to discuss with the Honda franchise first before apply it. In 2010, Harley-Davidson and American Honda Motor Company were announced to be merger as one which is known as Honda-Davidson Motor Company. The merger happened when the American Honda Motor Company was completed purchase of 51% of Harley-Davidson stock. With the merger, Honda-Davidson Motor Company was promised to provide the most comprehensive line of Motorcycles to the customers. The combination of both companies will continue to providing the world with the highest quality motorcycles. Besides that, the new company also exploring the opportunities to provide additional models that combines the best of both former companies. Honda -Nowadays, Davidson Motor Company is the only major U.S.- based motorcycle manufacturer, produces heavyweight motorcycles and a complete line of motorcycles parts, accessories and general merchandise in united state. 2.0 Current Expansion Strategy Expansion strategy may here be referred to market entry strategy which is commonly used by companies to venture and expand their businesses to other country. Before penetrating to other countries market, companies must make sure that they have sufficient financial resources and the nature of the products or services must fit into culture group of that particular country. Having ranked for 3rd largest Japanese automobiles, Honda is able to expand it businesses across Asian countries such as Thailand, Taiwan, China, India and Indonesia.(How To Enter China, 2000) Knowing the importance of international trade, different entry mode strategies have been adopted by Honda in respond to different countries. In Malaysia, Honda has a joint venture company named Boon Siew Honda Sdn Bhd which formed 50/50 between Honda Motor Co. Ltd and Oriental Holdings Bhd. (Boon Siew Honda profile,2012) The joint venture agreement was formed in 2008 which means that Honda has expanded its businesses in Malaysia through joint venture. Aside of Boon Siew Honda Sdn Bhd which solely trades on motorcycles, Honda has expanded its automotive business through joint venture strategy. Currently, Honda Malaysia Sdn Bhd is a joint venture company formed by DRB-HICOM Bhd, Honda Motor Co. Ltd and Oriental Holdings Bhd. ( Honda Malaysia profile,2012) The main reason Honda to use joint venture strategy to expand its businesses in Malaysia is to diversify the business risks. Having said that, using joint venture strategy as an expansion strategy can reduce the risk of by forming coalition with other companies in host country. Besides that, Honda has also expanded its realm using foreign direct investment in Taiwan. A plant was built by Honda in Taiwan in 1961 prior to produce cars and has made Taiwan to become major producers of motorcycle for Honda. (How To Enter China, 2000) This allows the company to export most of the motorcycles to other countries such as China, Europe and Middle East. The main reason Honda to build its manufacturing plant in Taiwan is to reduce exports of motorcycles from Japan. Foreign direct investment has also benefited Honda in a sense that the company can have better control over the plant in Taiwan at the same time achieved economies of scale. In Thailand, Honda practiced foreign direct investment which has formed Asia Honda Motor Co. Ltd in 1964. (How To Enter China, 2000) The plant set up in Ayutthaya, Thailand aimed to produce motorcycles and export to Asian countries. In addition, Thailands plant has more production capacity which has contributed to major exports across Asia. Particularly in Thailand, Honda has obtained a market share more than 60%. This is because the Honda brand recognition in host country is high and this has led to local support for Honda. In China, the entry strategy proposed by Honda is somewhat unfamiliar to other countries. Honda has used equity joint venture strategy which has formed 2 joint venture companies named GuangZhou Honda Automobile Co. Ltd and Dongfeng Honda Engine Co. Ltd respectively. (How To Enter China, 2000) In the meantime, Honda has 50% of stake in each of these joint venture companies which has allowed Honda to have partial control over these two companies. In recent years, sales of Honda cars in China were terribly declined by 5 % compared to the time the company first entered China. The declining sale was caused by the high demand of low-cost cars produced in China. Another reason was due to the existing rivalries in China which consists of several big players such as Toyota, Nissan and Mercedes. Generally speaking, Honda is adopting low-risk expansion strategies in the first place to evaluate market respond of a particular country. After building up the brand recognition, the company will decide whether to expand further in that particular country. This can be seen when Honda formed a joint venture company in Malaysia to market its motorcycles to Malaysian. After assessing the profitability of the products, Honda started to sell luxury cars such as Honda City and Honda Civic. This could have helped Honda to reduce the risk of losing everything proposing a joint venture strategy in the first place. Foreign direct investment is used by Honda in Taiwan and Vietnam to increase the production of motorcycles and motorcars to increase exports. At the same time, increased production will help Honda to fulfill the demands of other importing countries. 3.0 Future Expansion Strategy As mention in the previous part of the assignment we can see Honda with extraordinary expansion strategy has allowed the company group to triumph in the highly competitive world market especially against domestic competitor. These expansion strategy though practical and effective are in some way lack of aggressive to compete with other automobile MNC (multinational corporation). Since Honda is originated from Japan we decided to compare Honda with its domestic competitor such as Nissan and Toyota. For decades Honda has been compete with Nissan and Toyota domestically and abroad, however till this day Honda still maintain the position of Number 3 right after Toyota the first and Nissan, second. This comparison allowing us to realize that the successfulness of Honda is still in behind this two multinational automobile giant. As such below we will provide some entry modes strategies for future expansion for Honda based on some global market that we have analyses. 3.1 South Korea: An overview Take Korea into consideration. Honda has already exporting cars to Korea for a decade and however the sales there are always below the profit margin until Honda are no longer expecting high returns on Korea market. In actual fact, not only Honda are doing unwell in S.Korea most Japanese MNC had a hard time penetrating S.Korea market due to war history between Korea and Japan to be the main reason why Korean are less relying on Japanese products. However based on our knowledge Korea is a very potential market, and Honda should use joint venture in Korea to triumph where other Japanese competitor failed. Why South Korea? There are some facts that indulge all investors in the world to invest in South Korea market. South Korea is the worlds largest democracy among the strongest emerging markets in all business field. Furthermore, it has liberalized economy with 300 million in the middle class bracket, with well matured financial and securities market and time-tested judicial systems. Apart from that, Seoul capital of South Korea is growing with enormous speed to compete with world most successful city including New York and London, financially. With the sound potential of the market, let us look at the action of the government of South Korea, firstly it is a WTO member committed to providing opportunity to the global market. The Korean Government is constantly undertaking reforms in every sector with Infrastructure Sector receiving Governments fullest attention, the S.Korea government also permits foreign investment virtually in every sector of the economy. Majority foreign equity, even up to 100 per cent in some sectors, is encouraged and special investment incentives are provided. In short South Korea is a potential Market that Honda should not overlook due to the points below, Large pool of educated land expertise of manpower in South Korea. Disposable income is continuously increasing with the economy growing at more than 8.5% p.a. Cities booming with world class integrated infrastructure. South Korea has potential to attract more than US $ 100 billion over next five years. Potential for creation of near 1 Million direct and indirect jobs each year. As for now that the certainty of South Korea was an expansion market. A suitable partner must be recognized in Korea to allow the joint venture to be successful. Our group varies in suggesting a partner but agreed that Asia motor is among the best to Joint Venture with Honda to create a Asia-Honda venture. We select Asia motor for a numerous reasons, first its engineering capability, Asia motor founded in 1965 is one of South Korea most highly reputable automobile industry focusing in medium and big sizes vehicle is the best partner for both Asia Motor and Honda to penetrate into a new market. Beside that, relevance and salience of Asia Motor brand is also one of the core reasons in selecting Asia Motor, furthermore its company distribution network as of since 1965 have been matured and controlling large traffic in sense of party needed in a successful network. Lastly the company also announces with well function internally such as low turnover rate. These points allowing us to believe that Asia-Honda ventures is going to turn out fine. As such we recommended Joint ventures in South Korea due to its potential and Honda future development. 3.2 Exporting Exporting is not a new term for Honda. In fact Honda had been an expert in exporting worldwide where any place u name it, as long as there is demand, shipment of Honda cars can directly send to your dealer or home in no time. Using exporting as main expansion strategy for Honda is a success for many decades, however they have always overlook what their competitors are doing. Toyota are using this expansion strategy as well an if Honda is an expert in exporting cars, Toyota is a grandmaster. When we suggest export as Honda future expansion strategy we realizes the fact that Honda are doing it now, good, but not good enough. In this case we suggest that Honda uses this expansion strategy, exporting in a whole new market penetration rather than the traditional car/motor vehicle market. We suggest aircraft market penetration worldwide. If we look at Honda current research on car, we will discover that Honda had a very success researched on hybrid and fuel efficient engine currently focusing on cars and motor vehicle, In fact, Honda GX NGV is termed as the cleanest car on earth as far as centralized agitation engines are concerned, apply that to an aircraft and we have a whole new level of airplane. Competition in the aircraft industries are High, dominated mostly by Boeing and follow up by airbus it will never be easy as it suggest in the report, but chances are there to expand worldwide in a whole new categories of market. Suggesting in exporting in aircraft is not bold for Honda there has been a history for Honda in aircraft development since the 80s. According to the data we acquired on the internet and book research, Honda had been study small sized business jets in the since 1980s, using engines from other manufacturers. TheÂÂ  Honda MH02ÂÂ  was fabricated and assembled at Mississippi State Universitys Raspet Flight Research Laboratory in the late 1980s and early 1990s. The MH02 was a prototype using composites with an organic matrix. Since that a prototype of Honda Jet had been on the development. The Honda Jet made its maiden flight in December 2003. It debuted to the public at theÂÂ  EAA Air Venture air showÂÂ  inÂÂ  Oshkosh, Wisconsin, in July 2005. On July 25, 2006, Honda returned to Oshkosh to announce it would commercialize the Honda Jet. Honda established theÂÂ  Honda Aircraft CompanyÂÂ  to seek both type and production certification of the Honda Jet. Production is to take place in the United States. The company estimated the sales would be around 70 to 100 per annum. The certification of aircraft (FAA)ÂÂ  is expected to follow around August 2011. Delivery of the first plane is planned for the third quarter of 2012. In recent event, the Viking pioneers had been using Honda aircraft engine as their Viking aircraft engine and it had been a huge success and it is considerable that a Viking aircraft engine is the only modern and reasonably priced aircraft engine available today. Honda has reach a stagnant growth in cars and automobile manufacture worldwide. If Honda start exporting aircraft as their new expansion strategy it might became one of the competitor for Boeing and triumph in a whole new market level. 3.3 Strategic Alliance Honda should apply strategy alliance as its future expansion strategy to enter the new market. Through strategy alliance, all the automobile company can work together to achieve same goal by using the least resources as they share the resources, information, capabilities and risks to achieve it. One of the successful examples by using strategy alliance is Yahoo and Sina. They teamed up together to offer auction service in China. This partnership will leverage both companies respective users bases as Sina has 83million registered users while Yahoos expertise and technology to support the auction platform. Therefore, Honda need apply strategy alliance with others automobile company such as Nissan, Toyota, Mercedes-Benz and others. Through this, Honda and others automobile company can share their technique knowledge to resolving the specific problem or avoiding the basic mistake, develop a better function of car, design of car which better than before. For examples, Honda recalling over 172,000 vehicles because of door latch issue during July, 2012. Furthermore, Honda also can use the strategy alliance to institute of technology campus or college, so that Honda might not face lack of labor force problem in future. Honda can recruit the potential student as their technician after they graduate directly. It might not let the potential technician employ by others automobile company if Honda has the opportunities to do so such as having contract to the potential students by providing scholarship to them. Besides, institute of technology campus or college can provide the specific program which require by Honda to train the student so that student is more familiar to Honda company job scope after they graduate. One of the examples is HP is partnership with UoPeople (university of the people), which provides UoPeople students the opportunity to apply for internship to work with the HP Catalyst Initiative. 4.0 Conclusion Globalization is a compulsory for every company in order to be able to stay competitive in the market. Those without it can be easily kicked out from the market. Every bank in the world is somehow connected even though they are from different company. Two different companies with different culture can merger in order to gain win-win profit. This is why globalization is important. Honda is also the same. In order to improve the Research and Development for cars in China, Honda has joint venture with GS Yuasa Formalize Li-Ion. Successful expansion had make the success of Honda today. Every country has its own culture and government rules. Different approaches might be useful to one and not to the other. hence, it is important to research on the specific country before using different expansion strategies into the country.To conclude, sometimes different cultures, different norms and different rules and regulation might result in conflict. However, foreign market is much more beneficial to invest in compare to the local market. Is tougher, and more challenger but more profitable.

Secularism in France

Secularism in France ESSAY QUESTION: Discuss the French 2004 Law which prohibits state school students from displaying any religious signs. Briefly introduce the law, explain the reasons why this law was adopted and show how it fits with the principle of secularism in the French Republic. Since the French Revolution in 1789 and the law established in 1791, requiring the state to be neutral and all public and church matters to be totally separate, France has been considered a secular state. France has been incredibly strict on this law since it was established, believing that neutrality meant equality, which is one of the main principles in France. After a rather long period of time, the government in France eventually brought in a set of laws referred to as the Jules Ferry laws. These laws declare that all state schools are required, in buildings, staff and curriculum to be secular, no signs of religion to be shown at all. This led to the adoption of the 2004 law stating that all conspicuous signs of religion in school were to be banned. A law that arose from a crisis which started in the late 1980’s, where Muslim girls were wearing the headscarves which represented their religion in a state school. While mostly unopposed in France, the introduction of this law brought about some controversy, within France itself and around the neighbouring countries. This essay sets out to explain the 2004 law, and the reasons why it was adopted. It also intends to explore how this law fits in with France’s principles on secularity, and equality. The law that president at the time, Jacques Chirac signed off on 15th of March 2004, came into effect on 2nd September 2004, the beginning of the new school year. This law prohibits any forms of religious signs being worn in schools. Because within the law itself, there is no referral to any specific signs, the law prohibits everything, including but not exclusive to, Christian, Muslim, and Jewish religious symbols. The official name for this law is, in English, Law No. 2004-228 of 15 March 2004 regulating, in accordance with the principle of secularism, the wearing of symbols or clothing denoting religious affiliation in schools, colleges and public high schools[1]. The title of the law itself is very specific, thereby tying off the loophole that existed in the previous laws, in which the crisis began in the first place. The deep roots of the secular state of France comes from the French revolution in 1789. Before this period France was ruled by an absolute monarchy, meaning that the king and only the king had all the power to rule the country. There were no limits to how the king could rule, so frequently, kings abused that power. The king, during this period of time ruled, as he and the church believed, as a favour to God, and so the church was highly involved with the way the king ruled. After the revolution, the way the country was ruled was changed in a very large and impacting way, the state became secular, â€Å"the king now ruled by the will of the people, and not by the grace of god† (Jones 1994) France was also now ruled under the new constitution, as a constitutional monarchy, and as a republic. The people now had a rather large say in how their homeland was controlled. The constitutional monarchy brought in many new laws for how the king could rule for example, if a new law was to be passed it had to go through a series of councillors before it got to the king himself. This new constitution involved a bill for the new rights of men and citizens (excludes women and slaves). This allowed for all men and citizens to be born and remain free; this involves freedom of religion and freedom of speech, for all men and citizens to be equal; this involves equality of property ownership, and equal taxes, and lastly the republic is one and indivisible; which includes national sovereignty and the state being secular. Nearly a century after the start of the revolution, new laws came into government by the means of a man called Jules Ferry. Ferry is best known for his educational laws, which were brought in in 1882. These laws state that education for state schools in France was to be free of charge and compulsory for children aged between six and thirteen years old, and all state schools had to be secular. â€Å"Ferry’s ‘schools without God’ were bitterly opposed by the churchmen†¦ †¦Yet despite their contested beginnings the schools proved one of the most enduring cultural achievements of the early Third Republic.† (Jones 1994), this goes to show that although there was an opposition for these schools at first, they became very successful, and it was a strong support for the secularity principles of France. This practice seemed to work without a hitch for over 100 years. In 1989, a problem occurred that needed to be addressed by bringing in a new law which eventually came into effect in 2004. The issue that arose was, in 1989 three young female students were expelled from their state school which they attended near Paris, for wearing their religious head scarves to school and refusing to remove them. They even persisted to wear them during physical activity periods, and this seemed to be extremely unnecessary. This seemingly harmless act in the students eyes, led to their expulsion. It was a complication, because teachers and headmasters did not know how to deal with this issue, as it had never occurred before, so it was decided upon as the students had broken the law they were to be expelled. Many people found this disciplinary act excessive, and it caused a great uproar, involving young female students all over the country to wear their headscarves to school as well. Because of the la rge scale of unhappiness of the people of France, the news was all over this case, which led the High Administrative Council to realise that some higher form of discipline had to happen to regain control of the state. This was the key issue that led to the development, and adoption of the law in 2004. The students most likely thought their act was acceptable, because of one key mistake in the Jules Ferry Laws of 1882. These laws only refer to the buildings, curriculum and staff to be secular at all times. There is no mention of students at all. Therefore, the three students who inadvertently started the conflict in 1989 obviously saw this as a loop hole, and that nothing was wrong with what they were doing. Which in terms of the law, there wasn’t. It mostly came down to the fact that the French people had a very ‘set in stone’ opinion on the way the country should be, in regards to the way that they were interpreting the laws. The past events of the country led it to become secular, and the people of France believe that this consists of everything. Even as the new law has come in, there are still certain places which are not actually stated in the laws at all, like universities and private schools, the laws on this subject are rather specific. The wearing of headscarves in public places in France could be viewed as a negative also because of the links that it has with Islamic fundamentalism. Though most of the 5 million Muslims, or 8.3%[2] of France’s population, practice moderate religion, there are is a small percent of those who are fundamentalists and are using the steady increase in the Muslim population to their advantage. France battles severely with the fear of having terrorist attacks on its hands from people of its own soil e.g. Algeria and also attacks from Saudi Arabia. Although there is an option for people to attend religious private schools in France, there have been some cases where organised Islamic militant groups have forced young female students to wear the headscarf to school in order to pressure other girls to do the same. There have also been cases of withholding these students from certain classes in school which the groups believe are against their beliefs. This is an example of another just reason of why the law was adopted. On the other hand, although there were many reasons for adopting this law, there were also many reasons against. One of these reasons was, the adoption of this new law faced a lot of opposition from other nations- on an international level. One of the opposing nations was Britain. A great deal of British Muslims were against the adoption of this rule, many taking on the belief that it contradicted France’s law of religious freedoms. The British government were also on board â€Å"in condemning the French for trying to ban religious headwear and symbols in state schools† (Adenekan 2004). The ban faced all sorts of opposition, even from other religious divides in Britain, saying that it was among their basic rights as humans to wear symbols of their religion. Many believe that is part of their identity, and taking that away will cause divides in the community. Another nation which is severely against the law is United States. The nation of the United States believes that students can wear their religious symbols in schools without challenging the secularity of the state. One of the biggest problems that America has with this law is that it does not allow the integration process, â€Å"In this view, banning headscarves in public schools is meaningless in the face of problems that are primarily social and economic.† (Vasse 2004). The United States holds a similar secular principle, but the primary purpose for this adoption was to make sure that the government would not interfere with church business, to keep religion protected from the state, not the other way around. There were groups of people who were backing the law because of the women’s rights. They thought that the Muslim women who were having to wear the religious headscarves made the women inferior, as their rights were oppressed heavily by the men, and their religion. Some could argue the other side of this argument though, it is said that when the protests occurred when the law was first on the cards in 2004, the women who turned up to protest all claimed to wear their headscarf of their own free will. This shows the diversity of the way people reacted to this law being brought in, there were many reasons for the law to be brought in, and just as many reasons to oppose it. The law fits in very well with the secularism principles of France, and a key example of this is the French motto itself, which is still used today in modern day society, Libertà ©, à ©galità ©, fraternità ©, meaning liberty equality and fraternity. The reasons for this law fitting in with these principles are stated under the declaration of rights for citizens and men that were established during the revolution in 1879. The first, Libertà ©, states that all men should have freedom of religion. The laws which France has relating to religion, is to ensure that all citizens and men have that right to their own religion. This way there is no stat church so no real pressure on citizens to conform to the normal religion. That in part is what this new law is trying to fit to, to make sure that students do not feel pressured, or offended for that fact, because everyone has different belief. The option for religious students to go to a private religious school, means that there is no real excuse for the behaviour that caused the adoption of the law in the first place. The way that the French society stands, is that there is options for everyone, to fit with the principles that the state runs by, for religious freedom. There are those who will argue that people should be able to express their religious freedoms everywhere, but it is fair to say that this just does not simply fit with France’s secularity principles, if it was the case to express religion everywhere there would be too many complications. It is clear to see from the evidence that France may have had no other choice but to adopt this law. As the only way to regain control of the country, and as a way to keep to the principles and practices of the French state. After the adoption of this law, there was talk of Germany taking on similar laws. It is plain to see that although there were many protests against the law at first, the country runs smoothly with it in place, and it creates a blanket of peace, and keeps the majority of people happy. The problem of religious symbols being worn in schools was resolved by the ruling of this law, which won in government by the majority of the vote. A country that has similar principles as France is New Zealand. In New Zealand there is more leniency within the laws, as in New Zealand it is not against the law to wear religious symbols in public, but it is a secular country all the same. â€Å"France is not the only Western country to insist on the separation of church and state but it does so more militantly than any other† (Astier 2004). This is reflected in the current events of France. After the introduction of this law, it was thought that the conflict of the wearing of religious symbols in public schools was resolved. But recent news stories have revealed a new perception on what religious symbols actually are, and how other innocent pieces of clothing and appearances are being viewed. A very recent news story on BBC states how â€Å"France is facing a fresh backlash against its strict secular policy after it emerged a 15-year-old Muslim girl was sent home from school because she was wearing a long black skirt.† But the harsh reality is, how can a long skirt be considered a religious symbol? There are plenty of non-religious people who wear skirts, whether they be long or short, as an everyday item of clothing. The real questions are ‘where is the line defined with the extent of what a religious symbol is?’ and ‘when is enough, enough?’ Bibliography Adenekan, Shola. 2004. British criticism of headscarf ban. February 12. Accessed May 03, 2015. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/education/3477109.stm. Astier, Henri. 2004. The deep roots of French secularism. September 01. Accessed April 13, 2015. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/3325285.stm. Britannica, Encyclopaedia. n.d. Jules Ferry. Encyclopaedia Britannica Inc. Accessed April 29, 2015. France, Law department of. 2004. Law No. 2004-228 of 15 March 2004 regulating, in accordance with the principle of secularism, the wearing of symbols or clothing denoting religious affiliation in schools, colleges and public high schools. 09 01. Accessed 04 30, 2015. http://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/affichTexte.do?cidTexte=JORFTEXT000000417977dateTexte=. Jones, Colin. 1994. Cambridge Illustrated History Of France. Cambridge University Press. Lyon, Dawn, and Deborah Spini. 2004. UNVEILING THE HEADSCARF DEBATE. Legislative note, Netherlands: Kluwer Academic Publishers. Unknown. 2015. France outcry over Muslim schoolgirls skirt ban. 04 29. Accessed 05 01, 2015. http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-32510606. —. 2004. French MPs back headscarf ban. 02 10. Accessed 04 29, 2015. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/3474673.stm. —. n.d. The official website of france. Accessed 04 30, 2015. http://www.france.fr/en.html. Vasse, Justin. 2004. Veiled meanng: The French Law banning religous symbols in public schools. Research report, Washington: The Brookings Institute. [1] Name of law acquired from http://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/ on 24 April 2015 [2] Estimated number, retained from the work of Vasse page 3

review potter3 chapter 1 :: essays research papers

The Characters in Chapter One â€Å"Owl Post† of â€Å"Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban† by J.K.Rowling In class, we listened to the first chapter of â€Å"Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban†. This is indeed an extremely interesting chapter since it contains all the basic information you have to get to understand the â€Å"Potter Universe†. It gives quite detailed information about most of the important characters. The chapter starts with very important information about Harry. It says:† Harry Potter was a highly unusual boy in many ways. [†¦] And he also happened to be a wizard.† As the story unfolds, you get to know Harry as a boy of thirteen years with untidy jet black hair who is quite small and skinny for his age. His eyes are bright green and he wears round glasses. The most important feature, though, in the description of his appearance is the scar on his forehead, shaped like a bolt of lightning. The book explains that Harry got the scar when his parents, James and Lily Potter, wizard and witch themselves, were murdered by the dark wizard Voldemort, the most vicious of his kind for a hundred years. This explains why Harry has to live with his only living relatives, whom he obviously dislikes. It is also made clear that Harry only spends the summer with his relatives to go back to Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry for the rest of the year, which he has attended for the last two years. His relatives are his uncle Vernon Dursley, aunt Petunia Dursley and his cousin Dudley Dursley. They are non-magic folk, so-called Muggles, and they are extremely scared of anything that has to do with magic. This shows when Harry’s uncle roars at one of his wizard friends on the phone:† DON’T YOU COME NEAR MY FAMILY!†. To the Dursleys it is very important to make a good impression on their neighbours and so they are terrified of anyone finding out that Harry is a wizard and goes to Hogwarts. They think that magic people belong to some kind of a lower class, which shows clearly when Uncle Vernon screams at Harry:† HOW DARE YOU GIVE THIS NUMBER TO PEOPLE LIKE- PEOPLE LIKE YOU!† Magic people seem to be dirty and worthless and even dangerous in his eyes. Three of the magicians closest to Harry are characterized in chapter one in detail. First, there is Ron Weasley, one of Harry’s best friends at Hogwarts.

Women Conform More than Men Essay -- Conformity Psychology Gender Role

Women Conform More than Men Studies over the years have shown a higher rate of conformity among women than men. Psychologists have attributed this difference to many areas, such as personality traits, differing views of conformity, social status, and situational forces. The following research and studies illustrate the findings which confirm this hypothesis. Personality Traits of Men vs. Women According to Eagley, Wood, and Fishbaugh (1981), women are more concerned than men about the quality of interpersonal relationships. Women take greater responsibility for establishing and maintaining interpersonal bonds, whereas men do not. Also, women are more empathetic and more accurate at decoding nonverbal communication than males. Male gender roles also claim that men should remain independent and not agree closely with others, while it is seen as acceptable for women to conform to group behaviors. According to the studies by Maslach, Santee, and Wade (1987), part of the masculine gender role is to be independent and assertive, therefore leading males to conform less. At the same time, they stated that part of the feminine role involves being sensitive to others, therefore leading to conformity to maintain harmony. These contrasting personality traits found in men and women set a solid foundation for their conforming or nonconforming behaviors. Male vs. Female Views on Conformity A study completed by Santee and Jackson (1982) helped determine that females assess conformity as a more positive, self-defining act than males do. Females are seen as being more sensitive to others, and therefore conform more to keep a state of peace. Males, on the other hand, are more likely to deviate from a group ... ...Personality and Social Psychology, 40(2), 384-394. Johnson, R. A., & Schulman, G. I. (1989). Gender Role Composition and Role Entrapment in Decision-Making Groups. Gender and Society, 3(3), 355-372. Maslach, C., Santee, R. T., & Wade, C. (1987). Individuation, Gender Role, and Dissent: Personality Mediators of Situational Forces. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 53(6), 1088-1093. Santee, R.T., & Jackson, S.E. (1882). Identity Implications of Conformity: Sex Differences in Normative and Attributional Judgements. Social Psychology Quarterly, 45(2), 121-125. Workman, J.E., & Johnson, K.K.P. (1994). Effects of Conformity and Nonconformity to Gender-Role Expectations for Dress: Teachers Versus Students. Adolescence, 29(113), 207-221.

Shakespeare Theme Essay

A. P. Literature How does Shakespeare express theme through language? Shakespeare, an extraordinary writer, uses many literary techniques which prove his mastery of English. His most fascinating technique however, is displaying theme through language. In his play â€Å"Hamlet†, Shakespeare uses language to address existential dilemma, truth, and death. These themes significantly shape â€Å"Hamlet† into the masterpiece it is. In his play, Shakespeare expresses existential dilemma through Hamlet. Hamlet’s life so far has gone roughly in a negative direction.His father, the King of Hamlet, has passed away; and disappointingly, Hamlet comes back to a crowd that is busy acknowledging the new king, Claudius, and is forgetting about the death of his father. Shakespeare uses language to express theme through Hamlet’s soliloquy, â€Å"To be, or not to be†. In his soliloquy, Hamlet asks himself whether he should kill himself, or keep going. Hamlet illustrate s the strain that many people feel at one point or another, the world is just too much. Another theme that Shakespeare expresses in his play through language is truth. For a â€Å"madman† such as Hamlet, he is pretty intent on getting his facts straight.Hamlet wants to be sure Claudius is his father’s murderer before he takes any drastic action. After being enraged by his father’s speech, Hamlet tries to find out the truth. In Act 3, Scene 2, Hamlet stages a play called â€Å"Mousetrap†, which portrays the death scene his father described. During that scene, Hamlet intends to watch Claudius to see if he expresses guilt. Through language, Shakespeare shows truth. Hamlet goes to great measures of finding out what is true; expressing a view that believing if another is honest is a matter of great trust, or great naivete. Lastly, Shakespeare expresses through language the theme of death.In Shakespeare’s play, Hamlet encounters death through his fatherà ¢â‚¬â„¢s ghost, and in Polonius’s and Ophelia’s demises. These run ins prompt Hamlet to look at death through different angles. For instance, the ghost of his father causes Hamlet to think about the spiritual aftermath of death. After Polonius’s death in Act 4, Hamlet compares death to the â€Å"Worm that ate the king’s corpse, that might be used to catch a fish to feed a beggar†. In other words, Shakespeare comments that death is a great equalizer, or as a stepping stone to truth away from an ambiguous dishonest world.Hamlet is a play that strongly represents the themes of the world through the language of art. Shakespeare enforces his views of the world through events that can be decoded into many messages. With just a few characters and occurrences, Shakespeare is able to illustrate themes such as existential dilemma, truth, and death. Through its many ingenious themes, â€Å"Hamlet† can be considered an outline of the treacherous world w e live in. If you take anything for granted, or trust everything you hear, your path will become a difficult one.

Case Study of Alliance Boots Plc

ALLIANCE BOOTS PLC INTRODUCTIION entirely toldiance Boots is a watch international pharmacy-led health and dishful root serving a wide field of harvest- prison terms and serve to customers over 100 huge beat in the UK. We be trying to separate how the Boots institutes intern entirelyy and internation all toldy to tell on up its goal. We ar in any case trying to encounter out how the Boots motivates its employees to be overlapive. We allow for as thoroughly as discuss its formational structure and number to communicate several(prenominal)ly varied single-valued function of the brass instrument. We try discuss its estimation dodging and organisational record memory.We volition similarly find out astir(predicate) its mark off image to the stake attainer. Customers be at the intent of their moving in and they atomic number 18 devoted to providing unmatched customers and patients sustainment by offering modern products Only at Boots with exceptional values. mass are their strength and tell us that Boots is a excellent send off to unravel. They forever and a day aim to be the employers of choice by attracting and retaining the most talented and passionate people. can GROUND OF THE COMPANY Boots had established its root in the mid-19th century by seat Boot, an agricultural worker, at Nottingham, in the UK.He opened a piddling herb doctor stack away on Goose entry in 1849. After washbasins death in 1860, his widow, Mary, proceed trading, with the admirer of her young son, Jesse, who became a full r ratiocinationer when he was 21. The memory board continued to thrive. In 1877, Jesse took sole control of the Boots. In 1920, he sold Boots to the United Drug troupe of America. In 1933, the United Drug segmenticipation sold its holding in Boots to a group of British financiers led by John Boot, Jesses son. Under Johns chairmanship, the first overseas store opened in New Zealand in 1936 key brands No7 and So ltan was both launched in the 1930s.He also continued his parents tradition of staff welfare improving working(a)s conditions, step-d receive hours and introducing pensions for all employees. More recent decades, the excogitation of successful brands such as 17 cosmetics and Botanics and fresh tune ventures such as Boots Opticians are more(prenominal) popular to the customers. A naked chapter in Boots history started on 31st July, 2006with the merger with entirelyiance Unichem, to decease part of Alliance Boots, an international pharmacy-led health and ravisher group.Their product and services are wellness and beauty, Personal care, Cosmetics and toiletries, Baby care, alveolar & health care, OTC and Prescription medicines, Perfumes, and tegument care. (www. bized. co. uk,) MISSION Their mission is to be the universes leading pharmacy-led health and beauty group. They bumpk to develop their load traffic activities of pharmacy-led and beauty retailing and pharmace utical wholesaling and dispersion across the world and become a significant player in more leading international markets. PURPOSE Their bearing is to deliver products that swear out people come along and smack their best.VALUES They believe in making a difference for the swell existence of the communities they serve. The core values are described below. * PARTNERSHIP It includes respect, understanding and working to considerher. They hold and build value done partnerships and alliances, inside and outside the business. * TRUST The tenderness of the way they do business. People assertion because they deliver on their promises. * SERVICES They hold high standards of care and service for customers and their people. * ENTREPRENEURSHIP They are innovators, satisfyking new challenges and having a pleasing entrepreneurship. SIMPLICITY They are proud of being lean and efficient, uncomplicated and easy to do business fairly. (www. allianceboots. com) AT A survey * operating(a ) over 20 countries. * It has115, 000 employees. * run more than 3,250 health and beauty retail stores. * Dispensing more than 245 million items each twelvemonth. * 1500 Stores in the UK and Irish Republic. * Serving 420 million customers (pa). * Operating over 360 pharmaceutical wholesale diffusion centers. * Cash generated from operation ? 1130 million. * Revenue is ? 22. 5 billion. * EBITDA is ? 1,360 million. * Trading Profit is ? 1,074 million. www. allianceboots. com) BUSINESS surround OF THE BOOTS The organizational environs consists of indispensable and external purlieu. Alliance Boots operates in highly prepossessing markets with potential for significant long boundary developing. The Company expects to gain life foresight and product innovation to continue to jampack demand for prescription medicines and related health care services. At the same time, they believe that a growing customer focus on personalised well being will drive demand for health and beauty consumer products and related services. Fig The Organizational milieu of BootsLegal environmental Technological semi governmental Social Economic External purlieu Communication External Environment - institution Strategy Change Internal Environment (Writers observation) INTERNAL ENVIRONMENT In order to sustain an organization, it is necessarily to correct internal structures, process and behaviors to enable to distinguish with complexity and the pace of external change. It is pertain most organizations scheme, teamwork, solicitude, leading style, working practices, empowerment, employment standards, etc.tera * schemaJohnson et al (2008) say that strategy is the didactics and scope of an organization over the long term, which achieves advantage in a ever-ever-changing environment with the fulfilling stakeholder expectation. The Boots strategy is to focus on its twain business activities of pharmacy-led health and beauty retailing and pharmaceutical wholesaling and distribution, while increasingly developing and internationalizing product brands to create a third dimension. * tilt According to Mullins (2007), every(prenominal)(prenominal) change becomes welcomed as an opportunity for increasing cogency and construction new organizational success.Boots increase womanly participation in the workforce and addition of services. It also changed the sophisticated schooling engineering science where cognitive skill demands. It has created fast monotonous and flexible organizational design. The company plans to push increasing the number of Boots stores through new openings and pharmacy acquisitions and fuck off also besides commenced a trial with Waitrose to sell discriminating product ranges in each others stores. * INNOVATION According to Mullins, innovations get hold from technological advancements, new processes, and improvements in all major areas of organizational activity.Boots c at one timentrates in expanding their core busine ss in existing markets, act to deliver productivity improvements and other personify savings, pursuing growth opportunities in discriminating new high growth markets. Boots is ceaselessly launching products in the new markets. * conversation Boots everlastingly focus on customers/patients necessitate and services. Their converse and distribution channel is well updated which improves productivity. EXTERNAL ENVIRONMENT The external environment is the pressures of the organization from outside that can govern and affect the surgical process of the organization.The significant environmental pressures are the PESTEL which locates for Political, Economic, Social, Technology, Environmental, and Legal factors. * POLITICAL The political environment of a republic predisposes by the political organizations such as philosophical organization of political parties, ideology of government, polity, taxation, employment law, slew union policy and activities. Boots are also impact f or political decision in the UK. The UK government is cutting the employees from most of the sectors. As a result, people will have no enough silver to knock off on health and beauty. ECONOMIC It is in the first place concern about total gross domestic product of the country as well as consumers expenditures and disposable income. It is also included bills exchange rates, tax regime, wage rates, lovesome material prices etc. Boots is a international company. So, during inlet, UKs currency rates bring down down and Boots lost lots of money to exchanged currency from other country to UK. * SOCIAL It concerns about demographic trends, lifestyle preferences, social values, distribution of incomes, education and health, push back mobility, attitude to work, discrimination trends, skills availability, etc.Boots neer discriminates any employee. Boots always tries to adopt antithetical life style in different countries, languages, traditions, people expectations etc. * TECHNOLOG ICAL The technology adopted by the industries determines the type and type of goods and services to be produced and the type and case of plant and equipment to be used. The technological environment influences the business in terms of investment in technology. It refers to the innovations of IT, nanotechnology, new production methods and process, take of expenditure on R&D by organizations rivals etc.Boots uses to invest more money on research and maturation of its cosmetics and medicines. ENVIRONMENTAL It golf links to the Green issue of the environment, reducing cyanogenetic emissions, pollution, spills, hazard prevention, disposable of wastes or rubbishes etc. Boots dedicates to reducing the deoxycytidine monophosphate intensity of their business and continued to launch specific carbon reduction initiatives. For example, Boots UK launched in August 2009 an sensation campaign aimed at reducing competency use in its retail stores.In February 2010, Boots UK received the Car bon Trust measuring stick in recognition of recent achievements in reducing its carbon footprint. oer 50% of the waste, they create as a Group recycles. * LEGAL It deals with international law, legislation and taxation, human rights concerns, local canon. It also concerns international trade agreements, employment and safety law, and product safety issues etc. Alliance Boots operates in regulated markets. It could be adversely affected by changes to existing law, new regulation such as licensing regimes for pharmacies, prescription impact regimes. www. boots. com) agreementAL STRUCTURES OF BOOTS theater director managing director music director Finance Director header decision maker Health & Beauty Chief decision maker Legal Chief executive Health & Beauty CEO Chief Executive Pharmaceutical Wholesale Division chairperson of the be on Director Director Director Director Chief Finance Director (www. theofficialboard. com) Organizational structure is the formal system of t ask and reporting relationships that controls, coordinates and motivates employees so that they work together to achieve organizational goals. (Buchanan and Huczynski, 2004. P. 874)It is the pattern of relationships among positions in organizations and among members of the organization. Structure makes possible lotion of the process of direction and creates a manikin of orders and commands through which the activities of the organization can be planned, organized, directed and controlled. Mullins (2007, p. 564) Alliance Boots has a suave organizational chart. In the structure, we can see that at that place are eight directors including be on of Chairman and non executive directors. Under Board of Chairman, there are six Chief Executives who are responsible to report to Chairman.All the Executives are the same level in decision making. This structure helps Boots to do emend communication between go on management and employees as well as increased team spirit too. Hence, we ca n see less bureaucratic power which helps to make decision easily. It also improves sound coordination and well-timed passing discipline among the different surgical incision within the Boots which increases productivity. This flat structure is in general helpful to do faster responses to changing condition. This flat structure has demerits in Boots.Here, workers whitethorn have more managers for one labor which creates confusions. It is mostly helpful for a small organization but Boots is such a large organization, where it will have demerits. As a result, this will reduce the growth of the organization. (www. learnmanagement2. com) (www. blurtit. com) MOTIVATIONAL FRAME take in MOTIVATIONAL individual(a) Colleagues The Manager Customers Organization FRAMEWORK (www. ashridge. org. uk) ORGANIZATION The organization will can the structure and processes such as functioning management and reward schemes, reproduction, interesting work.In the organization, leaders and managers m ust earn the respect of others, create an appropriate working environment and provide opportunities for people to grow and develop. THE INDIVIDUAL Individuals adopt to be more open about component values with assistants and managers. Organizations need the accurate strategy and processes that make it abundantly consume-up the ghost that individuals have a responsibility for their own development. THE MANAGERS The Boss provides a of the essence(p) region in the motivation process not only acting as a role model but valuing each of colleagues in a way that makes them feel motivated.COLLEAGUES Colleagues can play a crucial role in motivation at work. By sharing skill and ability, every employee will be motivated in the work place. THE CUSTOMERS People will be motivated by feedback from both internal and external customers and clients. We should regularly review and share the results of feedback with staff. FACTORS AFFECTING EMPLOYEES PRODUCTIVITY The proportion that measures th e efficiency of the resources concerned in production of products and services is called productivity. It is also the ratio of inputs and outputs of the production. (www. ayushveda. om) The factors that affect the employee productivity are as follow * upbringing AND DEVELOPMENT If the employees are not trained properly in their particular meditate role, then the organization cannot get the gain ground from the employees. Sometimes Boots cannot get enough time to schedule the learning timetable. COMMUNICATION thither will be constant communication among top management, middle management and the employees. save sometimes there is miscommunication or take time to communicate within the Boots because of managers holiday, mesh break down etc. * WORK LIFE BALANCEIf the husband or wife works together and there are kids, there will be a problem to match the time table. Boots gives priority to those families. * PAY AND BENEFITS If the employees get under pay, a late payment, or price payment, then they will not be encouraged to perform better the job. * strengthener AND RECOGNATION Sometimes employees are not rewarded for worthy services which create employees opposition to send off the job. * WORKING ENVIRONMENT If the working environment is not suitable for employees or the coordination and cooperation is wishing, the productivity will be low. EQUALITY AND multifariousness If there is any discrimination, the productivity will decrease and employees will dissatisfy. Boots strictly follows the rules and regulation about equality. * OTHERS There are fewer more factors which affect the productivity, such as poor management, slow decision taking, lack of trust, stress level, conflict, frustration, etc. WAYS OF motivate KEY EMPLOYEES IN BOOTS An organization has many an(prenominal) attributes to its success one of which is motivation of staff of the organization.Boots has various ways of motivating their workers release them satisfied which encourage them to go earlier and deliver. * TRAINING AND DEVELOPMENT Boots provides an on gillyflower module and training for their staff. This enables them to fulfill their potential at work. The organization makes a significant investment in the development of a range of training. This helps new employees of the organization feel as part of the team and makes them more confident. This year, Boots put extra investment into developing their pharmacists and registered technicians supporting them with their continued professional development. DISCOUNT FOR STAFF PURCHASES Employees get fires for purchases on Boots and non-boots products. They obtain 12% discount on Non-boots products and 25% discount for boots products. either employee, within a year gets replicate discounts for 2days, which means 25% and 50% for non-Boots and Boots products respectively. This makes them necessity to stand in the organization. * HEALTH policy Boots believes that their responsibility is to look after their coll eagues health which will help them deliver better customer service.This is oddly beneficial to the employees though this is not compulsory. It encourages them to stay with the organization therefrom longevity of service, interior working knowledge and greater output. (www. boots. com) * RETAINING AND packaging The organization is decidedly particular about recruiting, retaining and promoting diverse employees in the organization. Therefore they achieve for this through hard work and hence contribute enormously to the success of the organization. * bewitching REMUNERATION Salary is also other factor that encourages employees to work.If they are well paid they feel like coming to work coupled with a enjoyable working environment at Boots, their employees get an increase in salary every year especially when the economy is stable or growing. * HEALTH AND SAFETY Boots always provide the right equipment to do the job. All the training regarding health and safety provide every empl oyee to protect them as well as customers. (www. allianceboots. com) APPRAISAL SYSTEMS OF BOOTS As mentioned above Boots appraises its employees once a year. They are informed when they are going to be appraised and what is expected of them.A form is inclined to each line manager for every employee just to tick the most suitable one. It describes the employees work performance. Feedback is given to employees, so they will know where to improve. The performance management cycle of Boots Plan for performance appraisal Informing employees about appraisal Feedback and working to achieve goal work appraisal of employees Appraisal systems depend upon the individual performance which includes quality of services, customer care knowledge, flexibility of working time, competences, skills, learning achievement, relationships with colleagues etc.ORGANISATIONAL RECORD KEEPING It is where an organization records information from the time it creates to the time of its disposal. Record keeping i s truly essential for an organization because it helps keeps the organization on track and thus achieves organizational goals. Record keeping helps the organization to monitors its pecuniary transaction. In Boots, record keeping uses for stoppage financial transaction and recording information about employees such as employees personal data, training records, how many times an employee has been absent.Boots keeps its records for two years then at the end of the two the last year records destroy and a new one is started again. (http//en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Records_management) Boots always keep employees personal data on the QT and maintain the rules and regulation of the Data Act. All employees have personal record commove where all the information are stored in secret. (www. 123helpme. com) CONCLUSION Boots has a outstanding character about health and beauty products at the UK as well as all over the world. It is a delightful place to work everyone says.They have to work nea r with manufacturers and pharmacists to improve health among the local communities as well as national level. Boots should give priorities about customers loyalty, retention, communication and in store marketing. In the current economic recession in the UK, they have to monitor all the financial activities to minimize the cost. There will be commitment and clear indicators from top level to lower level. Motivation is essential to business success. Boots needs to pay more attention about employees learning and development to meet the future demands of the organization.