Temperature Dependent Speed Controller Using Thermistor Computer Science Essay

Temperature Dependent Speed Controller Using Thermistor Computer Science Essay This project is a standalone automatic fan speed controller that controls the speed of an electric fan according to our requirement. This closed loop feedback control system is efficient and reliable by using embedded technology . Micro controller (AT89C51) allows dynamic and faster control. Liquid crystal display (LCD) makes the system user-friendly. The sensed temperature and fan speed level values are simultaneously displayed on the LCD panel. It is very compact using few components and can be implemented for several applications including air-conditioners, water-heaters, snow meltars, ovens, heat-exchangers, mixers, furnaces, incubators, thermal baths and veterinary operating tables. AT89C51 micro controller is the heart of the circuit as it controls all the functions. The temperature sensor thermistor senses the temperature and converts it into an electrical (analog) signal, which is applied to the micro controller through ADC. The analog signal is converted into digital format by the analog to-digital converter (ADC). The sensed and set values of the temperature are displayed on the 162-line LCD. The micro controller drives control relays by means of ULN driver circuit to control the fan speed with the help of high wattage tagged wire wound resistor. Single pole dabble throw (SPDT) relays are connected to the micro controller through a ULN driver circuit. The relays require 12 volts at a current of around 50 mA, which cannot provided by the micro controller. So the ULN driver circuit is added. The relays are used to operate the electrical fan or for operating any other electrical device. Normally the relays remain off. As soon as pin of the micro controller goes high, the relays operate This project uses regulated 5V, 500mA 12V, 500mA power supply. 7805 and 7812 three terminal voltage regulators are used for voltage regulation. Bridge type full wave rectifier is used to rectify the ac out put of secondary of 230/12V step down transformer. This project is useful in process industries for maintenance and controlling temperature. CHOICE OF MICROCONTROLLER There are different types of processors and controllers available in the market. Industrial and control application/may require automation of the process such as temperature, pressure, liquid flow, etc., in order to minimize manual intervention. To automate any application an intelligent controller plays a major role. One such controller proposed for the project is AT89C51, an 8-bit microcontroller. The AT89C51 is a low-power, high-performance CMOS 8-bit microcomputer with 4K bytes of Flash Programmable and Erasable Read Only Memory (PEROM). The device is manufactured using Atmels high density nonvolatile memory technology and is compatible with the industry standard MCS-51à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢ instruction set and pinout. The on-chip Flash allows the program memory to be reprogrammed in-system or by a con- ventional nonvolatile memory programmer. By combining a versatile 8-bit CPU with Flash on a monolithic chip, the Atmel AT89C51 is a powerful microcomputer which provides a highly flexible and cost effective solution to many embedded control appli- cations The AT89C51 provides the following standard features: 4Kbytes of Flash, 128 bytes of RAM, 32 I/O lines, two 16-bit timer/counters, a five vector two-level interrupt architecture, a full duplex serial port, on-chip oscillator and clock circuitry.In addition, the AT89C51 is designed with static logic for operation down to zero frequency and supports two software selectable power saving modes. The Idle Mode stops the CPU while allowing the RAM, timer/counters, serial port and interrupt system to continue functioning. The Power-down Mode saves the RAM contents but freezes the oscillator disabling all other chip functions until the next hardware reset. CHOICE OF MEMORY As the system under consideration is using AT89C51 microcontroller it has 4K Bytes of In-System Reprogrammable Flash Memory and EPROM for its purposes. The ATMEL AMR code is stored in an inbuilt flash memory. Flash memory cannot be reprogrammed constantly. The temperature sensor device also supports the storage of last ten pairs of measurements and new measurements are over written to the older one. Hence this system is using EEPROM as a data storage memory. Even though EEPROM is slower than Flash memory it can be rewritten as many number of times as wanted. Memory Organization The information presented in this chapter is collected from the Microcontroller Architectural Overview, AT89C51, AT89LV51, AT89C52, AT89LV52, AT89C2051, and AT89C1051 data sheets of this book. The material has been selected and rearranged to form a quick and convenient reference for the programmers of Atmels microcontroller family of devices. This guide pertains specifically to the AT89C51, AT89LV51, AT89C52, and AT89LV52. Memory Organization Program Memory The AT89C Microcontroller has separate address spaces for program memory and data memory. The program memory can be up to 64 Kbytes long. The lower addresses may reside onchip. Figure 1 shows a map of the AT89C51 program memory, and Figure 2 shows a map of the AT89C52 program memory. The AT89C10512051 do not have off-board memory expansion. Figure 1. AT89C51 Program Memory Flash Microcontroller Memory Organization Figure 2. AT89C52 Program Memory 0498A Data Memory The AT89C can directly address up to 64 Kbytes of data memory external to the chip. The MOVX instruction accesses the external data memory. (Refer to the Instruction Set section in this chapter for a detailed description of instructions). The AT89C51 has 128 bytes of on-chip RAM (256 bytes in the AT89C52) plus a number of Special Function Registers (SFRs). The lower 128 bytes of RAM can be accessed either by direct addressing (MOV data addr) or by indirect addressing (MOV Ri). CHOICE OF ADC ADC0804 (Analog to Digital Converter) Figure 3 illustrates the main function of the ADC0804 i.e. to convert the input signal from temperature sensor device to voltage form that has 8-bit output. This device acts as a memory location or port entry to the microprocessor and does not require additional logic extension. ADC0804 design. To prove that this design is according to the specifications hardware, the formula used is as follows: ADC out = Ain / Vmax X 256 (1.2) where ADC out = digital output value Ain = Input Gain Vmax = Maximum voltage Using formula (1.2), it is found that: without amplifier, ADC out = Ain / Vmax X 256 = (1/5) X 256 = 51 D = 00110011 B So that, the temperature value is = 100 / 51 = 1.96 °C à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 2 °C If using amplifier, ADC out = Ain / Vmax X 256 = (5 /5) X 256 = 256 D = 1111 1111 B (Proved) ADC 0804 Analog to digital converters find huge application as an intermediate device to convert the signals from analog to digital form. These digital signals are used for further processing by the digital processors. Various sensors like temperature, pressure, force etc. convert the physical characteristics into electrical signals that are analog in nature. ADC0804 is a very commonly used 8-bit analog to digital convertor.  It is a single channel IC, i.e., it can take only one analog signal as input. The digital outputs vary from 0 to a maximum of 255. The step size can be adjusted by setting the reference voltage at pin9. When this pin is not connected, the default reference voltage is the operating voltage, i.e., Vcc. The step size at 5V is 19.53mV (5V/255), i.e., for every 19.53mV rise in the analog input, the output varies by 1 unit. To set a particular voltage level as the reference value, this pin is connected to half the voltage. For example, to set a reference of 4V (Vref), pin9 is connected to 2V (Vref/2), thereby reducing the step size to 15.62mV (4V/255).   ADC0804 needs a clock to operate. The time taken to convert the analog value to digital value is dependent on this clock source. An external clock can be given at the Clock IN pin. ADC 0804 also has an inbuilt clock which can be used in absence of external clock. A suitable RC circuit is connected between the Clock IN and Clock R pins to use the internal clock. Pin Diagram:   An ADC is an electronic device that converts continuous signals to discrete digital numbers. The reverse operation is done by a DAC. The digital output may be using different coding schemes such as binary and twos compliment binary. Most ADCs are of a type known as linear which means that the range of input values that map to each output value has a linear relationship with the output value. The ADC used is an IC, ADC 0804. Features  · Compatible with 8080  µP derivatives-no interfacing logic needed access time 135 ns  · Easy interface to all microprocessors, or operates stand alone  · Differential analog voltage inputs  · Logic inputs and outputs meet both MOS and TTL voltage level specifications  · Works with 2.5V (LM336) voltage reference  · On-chip clock generator  · 0V to 5V analog input voltage range with single 5V supply  · No zero adjust required  · 0.3[Prime] standard width 20-pin DIP package  · 20-pin molded chip carrier or small outline package  · Operates ratiometrically or with 5 VDC, 2.5 VDC, or analog span adjusted voltage reference CHOICE OF SCHEDULING ALGORITHM. Many scheduling algorithm have been studied to guarantee the real time constraints of real time process. Scheduling decisions of this algorithm is usually based on parameters which are assumed to be crisp. However, in many circumstances the values of these parameters are vague. The vagueness of parameters suggests us to make the usage of fuzzy logic to decide in what order the request should be executed to better utilize the system and as a results reduce the chance of a request being missed. Our main contribution is proposing a fuzzy approach to microprocessor/microcontroller real time scheduling in which the scheduling parameters are treated as fuzzy variables. SAMPLING RATES OF CONTROLLED LOOP The temperature measurement device Resistance Temperature Detector a measure temperature in the range of -25-150 degree Celsius. But in this application the temperature inside the container is maintained at 25 degree Celsius. There is no much deviation of temperature inside the container. The container temperature doesnt vary that much in a second. The resolution of the device is 0.1 degree Celsius if the temperature inside the container varies more than the 0.1 degree Celsius the temperature sensing device can able to detect and the output will be shown. Suppose the temperature inside the container is changing at the rate of 0.1 degree Celsius per second the output has the frequency of 1 Hz. So the sampling rate for the device to sample or measure the temperature neednt be that high. So the device is using a sampling rate of 1 for measuring temperature i.e. temperature measurement device is having a sampling frequency of 1 HZ. Number of bits per second will be 10 bits per second (1 HZ*10 bits) which can be easily handled by 10 bit ATMEL ADC. Temperature Sensor Resolution   0.1 degree Celsius Temperature change inside the container   1 degree Celsius per minute So the frequency would be 0.6 HZ Sampling frequency = 0.6*5 = 3Hz (to be greater) Sampling rate = 0.3 Seconds   CHOICE OF REAL TIME SCHEDULING ALGORITHM There are basically four types of real times scheduling algorithm Round Robin Round Robin with interrupt Function queue scheduling RTOS( Real Time Operating System)   ROUND ROBIN It is the simplest algorithm. The Round Robin algorithm is characterized by the absence of interrupts. The algorithm consists of a main loop that checks each I/O device in turn and Service them if needed. it cannot suffer from shared data problems. Latency is limited by the maximum duration of a loop cycle. Attractive for simple environments. At the same time the disadvantage for the algorithm is it cannot set priorities. Its worst case wait for an important task code is the sum of execution time of all the other task code. ROUND ROBIN WITH INTERRUPT The main advantage of Round Robin with interrupt routines deals with the very urgent needs of devices. Interrupt routines set flags to indicate the interrupt happened. Main while loop polls the status of the interrupt flags and does any  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   follow up process required by a set flag. It moves more control over priority.    FUNCTION QUEUE SCHEDULING The advantage of function queue scheduling is latency for high priority devices can be reduced compared to Round-Robin with Interrupts. In Round-Robin with Interrupts every loop may end up executing every follow-up task. Function-Queue Scheduling guarantees that at most a single follow-up task is executed per loop iteration. The main disadvantage is latency for low priority tasks can increase. Low priority tasks can actually starve. Queuing algorithm may be complex/costly to run/code. If a low priority follow-up task is very time consuming the latency for higher priority response times will suffer. RTOS The advantage of RTOS is interrupts signal the need for follow-up tasks. But, unlike Function-Queue Scheduling, this is handled by the Real-Time Operating System and not by the interrupt routines manipulating flags or a queue. Instead of a loop deciding what to do next the RTOS decides. One follow-up task can be suspended by the RTOS in favouring of performing a higher priority task.-Queue. Suspension of tasks allows the worst case wait for the highest priority item to be zero. Built-in scheduling mechanism yields a system with very stable response characteristics even when changes to the code occur. Widely available for purchase. This embedded system is using  Round Robin Scheduling  as real time scheduling algorithm. The device is used to control only the temperature inside the steel container and so round robin architecture can be set here. FAILURE CONDITIONS The system will fail only if the temperature exceeds the range of the temperature sensor. Since it is a room temperature controller the variation in the room is very slow. PERFORMANCE MEASURES As the performance measure of system is totally dependent on PID Controller performance. So the PID controller performance can be evaluated by the periodic of the parameter hereafter against some baseline values. The performance improvement actions are taken accordingly on a periodic manner. So the Process Variable Error Overshoot Steady state error Settling time Must be calculated by different values of PID controllers Controller tuning methods provide the controller parameters in the form of formula or algorithms. They ensure that the obtained control system would be stable and would meet. These methods require certain knowledge about the controlled process. This knowledge, which depends on the applied method, usually translates into a transfer function. The objectives which should be achieved by the application of the control system are associated with the   control system features Regulating performance, Tracking performance, Robustness, noise attenuation.

Familiaris Consortio Essay

Familiaris Consortio means â€Å"On the Role of the Christian Family in the Modern World†. It is an Apostolic Exhortation given by Pope John-Paul II on the 22nd of November, 1981 and is mainly about the family, the married couple, the children, parenting. In today’s society it is easy to lose sight of what marriage is, it is often rushed and have been based on materialistic things and the social stature an individual such as wealth, appearance and job. One thing that it made me realizes is that it is important that we understand that marriage is not just a union of two people but it is a sacred bond that helps us achieve true happiness and fulfillment in life therefore it must not be rushed, we must choose our partners wisely and whole heartedly before commiting into marriage. This document also tells us that humans were created by God from love and that it is instilled in us and we have the responsibility to promote this through marriage and building a family. I realized that in order to achieve this kind of love, it is important that in marriage, both individuals are willing to give themselves completely to one another and at the same time have a strong faith in God because it is in God’s blessing that this bond will be strengthened. The document also points out the general tasks of the family which is to form a community of persons ready to serve life, participate in its development, and share amongst others the life and mission of the Church. I have realized that having a happy family must be based on love, understanding, communication and care. It is important that husband and wife respect one another no matter what. I also realized that children in the family have many rights some of these rights being the right to grow up properly in a home with a mother and a father that will guide them throughout their lives and the right to discover their true identity, dignity and potential in life. Every parent has a duty to promote and defend these rights for their children and be a good example that they can follow and look up to. The Familiaris Consortio for me is like a guide for all people about marriage. It tells us its importance and sacredness and helps us use this marriage to have a happy life. It guides and makes us understand all the responsibilities we are engaging and are expected to have in committing into marriage. Lastly, it strengthens our relationship with God and with our family by giving us certain realizations and ideas about taking care of one another treating one another equally.

Outline how legislation, policies and procedures relating to heath Essay

The Health and Safety at work act is a piece of legislation that is responsible for convering all health and safety in britain. However, the health and safety manager at individual establishments are responsible for carrying out the act and making sure everything is in cohearance with the piece of legislation. HASAWA influences health and social care in many different ways such as the protection it now gives to employers and employees, before this piece of legislation was made people had no legal protection whilst they were at work. HASAWA influences health and social as it tells the owner of a business, or establishment, what they need to be doing to make sure they are working in accordance to the legislation. Everyone has the duty to comply with the act, this includes employers, employees, trainees, self employed, manufacturers, suppliers ect. This legislation keeps people safe as it provides people with the instuctions to make their establishments safe for themselves and their emp loyees. HASAWA tells owners to carry out a risk assessment which points out the hazards that need to be changed and/or fixed. An example of legislation influencing a health and care setting is The Manual Handling Operations regualtion. MHOR is always thought to be the last resort, and only if there is a possibility of injury. Legislation tells emplyers and employees how to move and handle things appropriately and when it is and isn’t appropriate to move and handle things. Employers must carry out risk assessments before opening a business to find if there are any faults or dangers to the customers or employees. There must be a health and safety policy written specifically for that setting and someone must be employed to be in charge of health and safety. Everything in the establishment must be insured incase accidents occur. Employees must take responsibility of your own and other peoples health and  safety and not do anything that could cause someones health and safety to be put at risk. This influences the setting as it keeps people working or entering the setting safe and gives them the appropri ate instructions to keep them as safe as possible. It keeps people safe as it provides instructions and regulations that must be followed to keep everyone safe, and if everyone follows these regulations and instructions then their safety and health will be safe. Food Safety Act 1990 The Food Safety Act 1990 is a frame for all food legislation in Britain. Responsibilities for food businesses include: Ensuring you do not include anything in food or remove anything from food making it a hazard to the health of people consuming it. Advertising food in a way that isn’t misleading or false. The food safety act influences health in many different ways, it gives environmental health the right to inspect the quality of food, the place it is prepared and the place it is served and if it is not up to standard they have the power to close the establishment, in extreme cases. Before the establishment is closed down they are served a notice of improvement or be temporaraly closed until the standards are back up. Without the Food Safety Act food would be able to be served to you in any conditon, and if you became ill from that food you could not retain any form of compensation because there is no legislation telling the establishment how to cook, prepare and serve food safely. Employers and employees must make sure food is safe to eat, make sure they don’t add, remove or treat food in a way that makes it harmful to eat, make sure the quality of the food is the same as it is advertised or expected by the customer, Keep track of where the food was bought, if unsafe food is discovered it needs to be recorded and removed and tell people why the food has been recalled. There must be hand wash at all sinks and hands must be washed before touching food, after touching food, after using the toilet, after touching animals, after touching your own skin and hair, after sneezing or coughing and after touching raw food. Reporting of Injuries, Diseases and Dangerous Occurrences Regulations 1995 RIDDOR is the piece of legislation that states all injuries, diseases, illnesses need to be reported to either the health and safety executive or  the local council. RIDDOR is put in place so that health and safety executives can look at where the risks occur and can take steps to prevent them. There are of course only certain injuries and dangerous occuurences that need to be reported, things such as violence at work, gas leaks, injuries that have occured during work or in the work place. RIDDOR also benefits people who have been injured at work and want compensation, health and safety executives follow up on the case and evaluate if the acdicent was because of the employee being put at risk or if they didnt follow procedure. The employers responsibility is to maintain the safety of their employees customers and they have the responsibility to report if an employee or customer has been injured whilst at wor k or in the establishment. Without RIDDOR, injuries caused in the workplace could not be claimed upon and the hazard could not be found and removed, if the hazard isn’t removed then people will be continuously be getting injured. The incidents need to be written in an accident book and should inlude the date and time of injury, the name of the worker, a description of the accident, action taken and the result. Slips, Trips, Falls Slips, trips and falls are the most common causes of major injuries in the work place. Most trips are caused by uneven or un-maintained floors, and slips are usually cased by wet floors. However, slips, trips and falls can be prevented if the right preventions and procedures are put into place and followed. The employers responsibilities are to make sure the floors serface is even and maintained, decreasing the risk of trips, all obstructions in hallways and on floors are removed and stored properly, this also decreases the risk of trips. All spillages should be immediately cleaned up using the appropriate method, usually a cloth or mop, and a wet floor sign should be appointed if needed, this decreases the risk of slips. Staffs responsibilities are to wear safe and sensible footwear which have good grip, and they must also keep their work stations clear and tidy, also both staff and service users have the responsibility to report obstructions and spillages if not recognised. The pol icy put in place ifluences health and care as it prevents the risks of slips, trips and falls, without it there would be no procedures to influence staff to remove the risks, such as obsticles that may cause trips. If staff, employees and the service users don’t follow the policies put in place then the risks of accidents will be raised, and if an accident does occur and they haven’t followed the procedures they were responsible to follow then they can’t claim any form of compensation.

What Does The Word Terrorist - 1070 Words

Introduction Many countries around the world are affected by terrorist organizations and continue to terrify audiences far and wide. When examining the word terrorist, it is used as a noun to identify someone who is acting in pursuit of political aims. The person committing the crimes will not call themselves terrorists, for the name terrorist is given by the witnesses and victims – more often public agents, the media – who label the acts of violence as terrorism. Terrorists justify their actions through specular causes, religious causes, and sometimes both. Violence is the key factor that leads us to labeling someone as a terrorist, however the violence is seen as a problem being solved and/or eliminated from society as an act they believe glorifies their beliefs. Through the extended essay, there will not be a sense of justification toward the acts of terrorists, however, an investigation arguing that learned behavior is connected to terroristic violence. Learned behaviors are influenced by internal and external factors. Internal factors affect how the individual behaves depending on what their individual characteristics consist of. Examples of internal factors are genetics, personality, and beliefs. All of these examples alter behavior of people in circumstances. However, internal factors are not the only thing that shaped behavior. Another aspect of learned behaviors is external factors. External factors result in changes of behavior due to outside influences like theShow MoreRelated Terrorism Essay678 Words   |  3 PagesTerrorism Terrorism†¦This is a very common word in today’s society. What does it mean? Or more importantly how do â€Å"we† prevent it and if necessary combat it? The word most commonly used to explain this is counter terrorism, but is also known as anti-terrorism. The military is a great force in combating terrorism with specialist groups in nearly each branch of the armed forces. 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Email Privacy Essay - 2391 Words

Ethical Management of E-mail Privacy As I am sitting at my work station in a crowded office building, I hear the wonderful sound of Youve got mail. In turn I open my E-mail mailbox and find a letter from a nearby employee. This letter contains the usual funny joke of the day and a short joke ridiculing the boss, as usual. Who was to know that my supervisor would eventually find this letter, which would lead to both the termination of my job and my fellow employee? Do you feel this is right? Does this sound common? This may sound common because the issue of E-mail and privacy is very common and controversial in our advanced technological world. The determination of what is ethical or unethical is not simple or†¦show more content†¦Employees may not realize how easily their bosses and coworkers can access their E-mail. Many high-tech firms are even able to retrieve messages that the employees think they have permanently deleted. 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A local attorney, Martin Gringer, Esg., explained the need for employees to understand that their e-mail may not be private and they should look into company policy before sending something which may later come back to hauntShow MoreRelated EMail Privacy Rights In Business Essay4408 Words   |  18 PagesE-mail Privacy Rights In Business I. Abstract How far we have come in such a small time. When you think that the personal computer was invented in the early 1980s and by the end of the millennium, several households have two PCs, it is an astonishing growth rate. And, when you consider business, I can look around the office and see that a lot of the cubicles contain more than one PC. 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Innovation Bluetooth Headset

Questions: Critically discuss with the relevant theory and examples that why the chosen product/service can be called an innovative product/service? Critically analyse the commercial and business environmental challenges (for innovation) that the chosen organisation is facing or may face in the future? Critically evaluate a range of solutions with the appropriate theoretical concepts, models and real life examples to overcome the identified innovation challenges? Answers: Introduction Bluetooth headset was something that people have been looking for long. When they connect their mobile phone to their mobile then people use to get irritated with the wire that use to start from the pockets to the ears. It wasnt difficult to manage but it was irritating to some extent. Specifically if one is travelling with their headset on. If one is listening to music and walking in the crowd then the wire of the Bluetooth headset may be pulled off by some random person who just passes and this may lead to frustration. Bluetooth headset has sorted out all the problems. Instead of wires, waves will be used to connect the headset and the mobile. The Bluetooth headset has a small Bluetooth radio chip and this chip creates the wave required for the purpose of connecting the headset and mobile. Apart from that, it also has a software installed in it. This is how the two Bluetooth enabled product, mobile phone and headset, will connect with each other. Pairing the headset and the mobile is a very easy thing to do and hence, it can be done by any person who got a basic understanding about the usage of mobile phone (Abraham 2013). Why Bluetooth headset can be considered to be an innovation? Bluetooth headset was the need of the hour as people like to be connected with the mobile at all point of time but it is merely impossible while using headset but that is not the case with Bluetooth headset. People can just move around comfortably with Bluetooth speakers as they are wire-free. Few of the reasons due to which Bluetooth headset is considered to be an innovation are discussed below. Bluetooth headset was something unique and people wanted something like this always. People use to always think that life would be really simple if they are given a chance to communicate with each other without those wires and that is what Bluetooth headset has helped them with. This was something that people wanted but it was never explicitly said. The manufacturers of Bluetooth headset understood the problem that can be caused by the usage of wire and hence, the wire was removed (Baden-Fuller 2013). The ultimate goal of the Bluetooth headset was to help people to talk on their mobile and listen to music from their mobile even when there are no wires. The strategic goal of the Bluetooth headset was achieved with the help of Bluetooth headset. Bluetooth headset was recently introduced in the market and in the past, they were not into existence. Bluetooth headset has just come into picture, a few years ago looking at the needs and the requirements of connecting to mobile phone without a wire. Timing of innovation matters the most. If Bluetooth headset would have manufactured few years back then there are possibilities that it wouldnt have been liked by people. The usage of phone increased in the last decade and this is when Bluetooth manufacturer though that they will have to do something to the people so that they can help them to get rid of the wires. The timing was innovation was perfect and the product was innovated on the basis of need and not just randomly. Due to the need, people accepted the product immediately. Innovation theories Bluetooth headset was a great innovation as the innovator was well aware that this is the need of the future and if not now, in some time, everybody will be looking for this innovation. Diffusion of innovation theory can be considered to be the best by which the innovation of Bluetooth headset can be explained. Diffusion of innovation theory is divided into stages that will help the user to understand the stages through which innovation went through so that the product can be accepted among the users. Awareness is the first stage in the diffusion of innovation theory. The research and development department of many company realized that people are using mobiles to a great extent but people are really frustrated with the headset as it is connected to mobile with the help of the wire. People cannot use wired headsets when they are traveling in a public transport due to the crowd present. The research and development knew that they will have to produce something that is wireless but none of them were sure on how to go ahead with it as they were not aware about the technology that they can use. Most of the research and development departments in the organization were well aware that if a Bluetooth headset is introduced in the market then people will be happy for sure and at the same time, the reputation of the company will increase in the market. The research and development team started to look for ideas and they decided to launch a headset without wires in the market. They tried to gather all the information about the technology can be used. The technologies those are currently available so that the people can love to have the product that they are willing to. Research and development team wanted to be rest assured that this product will be liked by people. They tried to understand the expectations of people so that they can be sure that people will accept the product and the demand for the product in the future will be increased. The research department just wanted to be sure that the product will be liked by the people and they will accept the future. They anticipated the demand for Bluetooth headset in the future so that the product can be success in the market. The research team realized that people will like the product and the product will also add monetary value to the company. The research department decided to use the Bluetooth headset so that they can be rest assured that this product will be success in the market. They started to use the product internally before the product is introduced in the market. This helped the researcher to understand the faults that were present in the product. The problems in the Bluetooth headset were identified internally and corrected so that the users can get a more corrected product rather than that of getting a faulty product with few malfunctions. This is how the product was introduced in the market. The research and development department launched the product and it was seen that people were most than happy to adopt the product. The importance of this product was well understood by the other electronic companies as well and hence, they decided to launch the product again. Few companies tried to make further improvement in the product so that the people can opt for their product rather than that of the product that was launched first in the market. The research and development department was successful in launching a new product as it was accepted by the people. Commercial challenges for Bluetooth headset While the Bluetooth headset was innovated, there were few challenges. Few of the commercial challenges that have been creating an impact on the innovation of Bluetooth headset are discussed below. Finding an idea itself is a problem with many electronic companies. Today there are plenty for electronic companies and each company wants to do something new so that they can survive in the competitive market. Many companies come up with many ideas but they are all well aware that all the ideas cannot be considered to be successful. Most of the ideas werent liked by the people and hence, the products just vanished from the market. The research and development team frequently comes up with ideas but arent accepted and hence, they look for ways by which they can come up with something new that will be accepted by the people so that the company can make monetary benefit out of it. Bluetooth headset was a plan that may not be easily accepted by people and hence, the research team of the organization may not be sure of approving the plan. The management of the organization should be convinced so that they can approve the budget that will be required for the purpose of completing the research. The new product requires a lot of efforts and finance as well. Getting approval for finance is a difficult thing and this is one of the biggest challenges that any innovation has to face and Bluetooth headset is not an exemption (Eiriz 2013). Bluetooth headset is a new technology and hence, getting government approvals was one of the things that had to be taken care by the organizations. The organization had to communicate the plan with the government officials and accordingly approvals were taken. Apart from that, the management and legal officials of the organization just checked with the existing policies so that the organization can be sure that they are in line with the existing policies of the organization. This is a challenge as a lot of time, energy and financial resource is invested so that the management can be rest assured that they arent manufacturing and introducing something illegal in the market. Lastly, Bluetooth headset was a very catchy technology and hence, most of the people wanted to have something similar. It was seen that in no time that this technology was adopted by others and hence, it was very difficult for the company to regain the money that they had invested. The management had to make huge investments in the intellectual property rights. Talking about the innovation in Bluetooth headset, it was seen that all the companies had adopted this product in no time and hence, the early innovator wasnt able to make much profit from the product that was launched in the market. Environmental challenges for Bluetooth headset There were plenty of environmental challenges which were associated with the Bluetooth headset. The innovator had to put in efforts so that they can convince the government, the customers and also the society that the side-effects of using Bluetooth headset are not very high. These challenges were well considered and handled by the innovator so that the product can be launched in the market. Few of the environmental challenges which the innovator of Bluetooth headset had to face are discussed below. Bluetooth was considered as one of the most harmful rays that can create an impact on the environment. Bluetooth technology was relatively new and people were not convinced with the excess usage of Bluetooth technology. Even there were rumors that the rays will create an impact on the environment. People were skeptical about using Bluetooth but later, people were convinced with the technology and they adopted it. There are plenty of people who are great supporters of environment and hence, they werent convinced with the introduction of Bluetooth headset. These people started anti-bluetooth campaign and this created an impact on the sales of the headset. It is very important for people to have a product that is accepted by everyone around and hence, few of the people who were willing to buy the product were also skeptical about buying it (Zott 2010). Bluetooth headset disposal plan was not in place and hence, most of the environmental supporters started to believe that this product is just going to add further to the e-waste. Most of the electronics manufacturers have come up with ways by which they can dispose the electronic products after the usage and hence, the potential market slowly and steadily accepted by the people. Bluetooth headset is an electronic product and hence, they will emit gases during the manufacturing process, usage and also during the disposal. The manufacturers of Bluetooth headset werent able to answer on the ways by which they can dispose the Bluetooth headset in an environmentally friendly manner. There are plenty of regulations regarding the manufacturing and disposal. These regulations are to be considered when the innovator is manufacturing these products. These considerations may be expensive and hence, the innovator will have to consider those costs as well while they are planning to launch the product in the market (Mahmood 2004). Innovation implementation strategy Various implementation strategies were implemented by the Bluetooth headset manufacturing companies so that they can be established in the market. Few of the strategies that helped the organization to overcome the innovation barriers are discussed below. Bluetooth headset is not something that is just innovation and hence, the companies decided to help the customers understand that this product was produced by looking into the needs and requirements of the people. Publicizing the product helped the customers to understand about the product and also the benefits that one can get with the usage of product. Bluetooth headset was first given to opinion leaders and also the early adopters so that they can be happy with the product that they are using and this helped other people to adopt this product. The Bluetooth headset industry was well aware that producing the headset and sharing it with the customer is not the end of the innovation. Continuous opinion of people on the product was taken into consideration and hence, continuous improvement in the product was made. The connectivity between the Bluetooth headset and the mobile phone was improving due to the continuously improvement in technology. Uncertainty can create an impact on the Bluetooth headset industry and hence, serious consideration was given to it before the product was introduced in the market. Even after the product was introduced in the market, the innovators were continuously looking for products that can be considered as a direct competition for the company. Bluetooth headset is nowhere related to the cultures of the customers but the marketers were well aware that the marketing strategies for the company will have to be designed in such a way that people from different community can accept the product. If the cultural norms of people are hurt then they may not buy the product even when they are convinced with the quality and also the requirement of the product. The innovators decided to be in touch with the society so that the feedback of people can be taken seriously. On the other end, there were plenty of companies which were just trying to copy what the innovators were doing and hence, it was the responsibility of innovator to protect their intellectual property rights and also the copyrights so that they can enjoy monopoly rather than that of leaving the market freely. The marketers of Bluetooth headset were well aware that the first perception that people develop about the product can create an impact on the sales of the product an d hence, marketing was undertaken accordingly (Hennessey 2010). The innovators were well aware that looking at the problem from the customers view is not sufficient and hence, they looked for ways by which they can motivate the internal employees in the organization to identify the problems in the Bluetooth headset so that modifications in the product can be made accordingly. Forming a good perception about the product was the first thing that all the innovators were looking into and hence, they started to understand the problems from the internal customers so that the reputation of the product is not spoiled in the market. The innovator was also mentally ready to face the resistance that they may receive from the customers. The company ensured that none of the medical treatments, environmental regulations or the religious norms are hurt so that the innovator can convince the customers. The innovators decided to give sometime so that the resistance can be reduced and the acceptance will come into picture. The innovator decided to make a note of the mental perception that people hold about the product. This helped the innovator to understand the areas which arent accepted the audience. The innovators also put in efforts to change the perception that the people hold about the Bluetooth headset. They helped the audiences to understand that it is always better to carry some research rather than that of having a wrong perception (Teece 2010). The marketers decided to project the Bluetooth headset as a status quo and hence, people were motivated to buy this so that they can maintain the status that they hold in their society. Understanding the attitude and perception of people towards the product helped the marketer to understand the features of Bluetooth headset that is liked by the customer and also the features that arent accepted by the customer. The marketer had come up with marketing campaigns so that the perception that the end-user hold about the product can be changed as this will help the company to make better products and they can also plough the profits that they have invested in. The innovators were completely aware of the fact that certain products may not be accepted by the users during the initial stages but during the initial stages, the marketer should put in efforts to make the people accept the product. After a certain point of time, people will accept and use this product and this will be a part of th eir life. Once this becomes a routine, Bluetooth headset will become a part of their life and hence, people will search for the Bluetooth headset before they start for the day. It was the responsibility of the marketing team to ensure that people like the product so that this can become an integral part of their life. Any change in the organization or in the society will be resisted and this is what happened when Bluetooth headset was introduced in the market. People were well aware of what they require but people werent willing to accept the change. It was the responsibility of the innovator to make people to accept the change so that the product can be successful and at the same time, the innovator didnt want the audiences on miss on something that is beautiful and something that can form an integral part of peoples life (Silvana 2013). The innovator was well aware that the customer will make the decision to buy or not to buy the product based on the information that they have with themselves. The marketers of Bluetooth headset decided to help people with information regarding the advantages of using Bluetooth headset and also the consequences that they may face due to the usage of this product. This helped the marketing team to clear the wrong perception that people were holding about the product. The marketers decided to undertake this as they were aware that if they decide to continue with the same market then there are possibilities that people will boycott the product. The marketers made it very clear that are some hazards associated with the usage of Bluetooth headset but the positives are more than that of the negatives. The customers were put to think that if they should avoid the product to avoid the hazards or they should be motivated to accept the product so that they can take benefits of the product. Information processing model is created by the innovator so that the right amount of information can reach the people. The marketer tried to understand the appraisal process that is undertaken by the customer so that they can motivate the customer to buy the product rather than that of just holding to negative perceptions. Emotions can also create an impact on the information processing model. The customers try to understand the emotions that the customers may come across while they are talking about the product. The marketers also tried to understand the emotions that the end users hold by way of communicating to them and also making a note of their body language and facial expressions (Freund 2009). Even after the product was introduced in the market, the innovators were continuously looking for products that can be considered as a direct competition for the company. The innovators decided to be in touch with the society so that the feedback of people can be taken seriously. On the other end, there were plenty of companies which were just trying to copy what the innovators were doing and hence, it was the responsibility of innovator to protect their intellectual property rights and also the copyrights so that they can enjoy monopoly rather than that of leaving the market freely. Forming a good perception about the product was the first thing that all the innovators were looking into and hence, they started to understand the problems from the internal customers so that the reputation of the product is not spoiled in the market. The marketers of Bluetooth headset decided to help people with information regarding the advantages of using Bluetooth headset and also the consequences t hat they may face due to the usage of this product. This helped the marketing team to clear the wrong perception that people were holding about the product. The customers try to understand the emotions that the customers may come across while they are talking about the product. The marketers also tried to understand the emotions that the end users hold by way of communicating to them and also making a note of their body language and facial expressions. Innovation in the Bluetooth industry Few areas of business or few businesses give a lot of importance to business models. E-businesses are giving a lot of importance to business models. Information technology is playing a major role in all the businesses. It is seen that the businesses are implementing information technology so that manual errors can be avoided. Strategic issues can be addressed only with appropriate implementation of business models. Business models and processes can create value addition and competitive advantage for the firms. This is one of the major reasons due to which the businesses are looking for ways by which the processes can be improved to increase efficiency (Christensen 2000). E-business means that the complete business process is managed electronically. It is merely impossible for e-businesses to survive without technology and hence, e-businesses look for various innovations to be implemented in the business. The cost of internet and telecommunication is reducing continuously and this is leading to increase in the number of e-businesses. The interaction between the supplier and the customer is changing. In fact, e-businesses are one of the best innovated business models because the cost is reduced. This cost advantage is shared between the firm as well as the customer. Business model plays a very important role in creating value for the firm. The process of value creation can be beneficial to the customers as well as the organization. With the help of value creation processes, value is created for the customer and the organization gets paid for the same. Every innovation that can improve the interaction between the business and customers will be successful. Organizations should look for business models that will improve the integration between various departments too. This kind of collaboration is more suitable for organizations that have been in existence for long rather than that of the organizations which are just young in the industry (Chesbrough 2003). Business model and strategy go hand-in-hand. A strategy can be successfully implemented only when plenty of information is available. The decision maker should have access to all the information so that appropriate decision can be made. The decision maker should consider the views and interests of all the stakeholders before any strategy is implemented (Zott 2010). Organizations generate value for the society and profit for themselves by way of using the raw materials to create outputs. These outputs are used by the end user and this creates value for the organization. Generation of outputs from raw materials is possible only when proper processes are in place. Processes need to be innovative so that the organization can reduce the wastage of raw materials. Processes can be either formal or informal. Informal processes are documented and hence, all the employees in the organization are well aware that they will have to strictly stick to the stated process and informal processes arent written anywhere but every employee is aware that they will have to follow it (Chesbrough n.d.). There are various ways by which innovation can be implemented in an organization. The organization must consider its strengths and weaknesses before they choose a strategy for the implementation of new process or business model. New process or a new business model may include a lot of technical complications so the team which will be involved in the implementation of new process or business model should be chosen accordingly. If the organization has already implemented a new process and if they want to sustain the innovation then lightweight team would be more than enough. A lightweight team which has already been a part of the organization can be used for the purpose of sustaining innovation. If the innovation that has been implemented in the organization is not in place then a heavyweight team from the organization will have to be chosen. Heavyweight team will include professionals who are technically very strong and they will put in extra efforts to keep things in place. If the ex isting values of the organization and the values required for the new process is different then a heavyweight team which will be dedicated for the implementation of new process will have to be hired. If the organization thinks that even a specialty heavyweight team will not be able to successfully implement the new process then heavyweight team which will be solely responsible for the success of the new process should be hired. Implementation of new process can also be done with the help of acquisition. The organization will have to look for an organization with similar values so that both the organization can merge together and implement the same set of values. References Abraham, S, 2013, Will Business Model innovation replace strategic analysis? Strategy Leadership, Vol. 41, No. 2, pp. 31-38 Baden-Fuller, C, 2013, Business Models and Technological Innovations, Long Range Planning, Vol. 46, No. 6, pp. 419 Burkus, D, 2012, Schools of Innovation: How Academic Organizations Foster Creativity, Strategic leadership review, 2(1), pp. 8-11 Chesbrough, H, The Era of Open Innovation, MIT SLOAN Management Review, Accessed on 5th February, 2014, https://didattica.unibocconi.it/mypage/upload/48567_20081209_071712_THEERAOFOPENINNOVATION.PDF Chesbrough, H, 2003, Business Model Innovation: Opportunities and Barriers, Long range planning, Vol. 43, no. 2/3, pp. 354-363 Christensen, C, 2000, Meeting the challenge of disruptive change, Harvard Business Review, Accessed on 5th February, 2014, https://www.zurichna.com/internet/zna/SiteCollectionDocuments/en/media/FINAL%20HBR%20Meeting%20Challenge%20of%20Disruptive%20Change.pdf Eiriz, V, 2013. Firm growth and innovation: towards a typology of innovation strategy, Innovation: Management, Policy, Practice, 15(1), pp. 97 Freund, F, 2009, Business Model concepts in Corporate sustainability contexts, Centre for sustainability management, Accessed on 5th February, 2014, https://www2.leuphana.de/umanagement/csm/content/nama/downloads/download_publikationen/FlorianLuedeke_Freund_Business_Model_Concepts_in_Corporate_Sustainabilty_Context.pdf Hennessey, B, 2010, Creativity, Annual Review of Psychology, 61(1), pp. 569-598 Mahmood, I, 2004, Business groups: entry barrierinnovation debate revisited, Journal of Economic Behavior Organization, 54(4), pp. 513-531 Silvana, T, 2013, Business Model Innovation: in entrepreneurship, International entrepreneurship and management Journal, Vol. 8, No. 4, pp. 449-465 Teece, D, 2010, Business Models, Business Strategy and Innovation, Long Range Planning, Vol. 43, No. 3, pp. 172-194 Zott, C, 2010, The Business Model: Theoretical roots, recent developments and Future research, Accessed on 4th February, 2014, https://www.iese.edu/research/pdfs/di-0862-e.pdf