Email Privacy Essay - 2391 Words

Ethical Management of E-mail Privacy As I am sitting at my work station in a crowded office building, I hear the wonderful sound of Youve got mail. In turn I open my E-mail mailbox and find a letter from a nearby employee. This letter contains the usual funny joke of the day and a short joke ridiculing the boss, as usual. Who was to know that my supervisor would eventually find this letter, which would lead to both the termination of my job and my fellow employee? Do you feel this is right? Does this sound common? This may sound common because the issue of E-mail and privacy is very common and controversial in our advanced technological world. The determination of what is ethical or unethical is not simple or†¦show more content†¦Employees may not realize how easily their bosses and coworkers can access their E-mail. Many high-tech firms are even able to retrieve messages that the employees think they have permanently deleted. An article in the magazine, Business First, makes a good point, Dont put anything in E-mail that you would not want read over the loud speaker throughout the company (Miller 2). Although many computers and company E-mail accounts have passwords, it does not mean that they are protected. System administrators can access almost anyones E-mail. According to a web page on the Internet, The only way to protect your E-mail would be to regard your E-mail as you would a postcard. People must realize that unlike other forms of communication, E-mail has little protection, such as telephone companies do (Learn the Net 1). This provides the employer with the ability to monitor someones E-mail without them even knowing. The topic of E-mail is so current that it even hit the meeting of the Long Island Direct Marketing Association (LIDMA) on October 22, 1998. At the meeting privacy issues concerning E-mail in the workplace were discussed. 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Dna Rn The Biological Diversity - 1295 Words

Christianah Sobukonla 11/25/14 DNA sequence and Dependent culture in Microbial Diversity Biodiversity is also known as the biological diversity. Biodiversity refers to all kinds of organism that can be found in a particular area.it includes a variety of plants, animals, fungi and other living things. Biodiversity of an ecosystem, is a community of animals, plants, and living things in relationship to their environment, which can be physical or chemical. Microbial diversity can be defined as the different kinds of microorganism which includes bacteria, archaea, fungi, and protists. The study of microorganism is important because they play a large role in thce environment. Although microorganism are not well known, which might be due to their small size, and the hardship of recognizing them. Particularly bacteria and other prokaryotic organisms. Only 3100 bacteria are recognized in Bergey’s manual out of 300000 to 1000000 species of prokaryotes that is on earth. Bacteria although mostly thought of has been harmful can also be useful. Some microbes help in immune sys tem regulation, digestion, and vitamin production.† (7). They are also helpful in some of the cycles that take place, like the nitrogen fixation, nitrification and nitrate reduction. They control what the atmosphere is made of and also,Show MoreRelatedInteractions within Biological Systems Lead to Complex Properties3059 Words   |  12 PagesUnderstanding 4.A: Interactions Within biological systems lead to complex properties. Overview Almost every aspect of biology involves interaction between different components and systems. It starts all the way at the cellular level with the interactions of cell organelles that allow a cell to function and it goes all the way up to the way different ecosystems come together to form complex communities and interactions. It is these interactions that make biological systems complex and how cells are specializedRead MoreCell Biology Final Essay30093 Words   |  121 Pages_______ in eukaryotic cells. A) ribosomes B) oxidative phosphorylation C) DNA molecules -D) a nucleus 2. Cytoplasmic organelles are - A) absent in prokaryotic cells; present in eukaryotic cells. B) present in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. C) present in prokaryotic cells; absent in eukaryotic cells. D) absent in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. 3. Eukaryotic chromosomes contain _______ DNA molecules. A) single linear B) single circular -C) multiple linear Read MoreHealth Equity9260 Words   |  38 PagesNursing in 3D: Diversity, Disparities, and Social Determinants The Social Determinants of Health: It’s Time to Consider the Causes of the Causes Paula Braveman, MD, MPHa Laura Gottlieb, MD, MPHb ABSTRACT During the past two decades, the public health community’s attention has been drawn increasingly to the social determinants of health (SDH)—the factors apart from medical care that can be influenced by social policies and shape health in powerful ways. We use â€Å"medical care† ratherRead MoreI Love Reading Essay69689 Words   |  279 Pagesamong the world’s leading economies by 2050.22 Further, India’s economy can potentially gain signiï ¬ cantly from the country’s characteristic features — a democratic open society, a strong technology base (with capacity for leapfrogging), unparalleled diversity, vibrant capital markets (including growing private equity and venture capital markets), an increasingly youthful population (50% of India is 25 years and younger), a sizeable market of a large number of customers with vast unmet needs as well as

Innovation Bluetooth Headset

Questions: Critically discuss with the relevant theory and examples that why the chosen product/service can be called an innovative product/service? Critically analyse the commercial and business environmental challenges (for innovation) that the chosen organisation is facing or may face in the future? Critically evaluate a range of solutions with the appropriate theoretical concepts, models and real life examples to overcome the identified innovation challenges? Answers: Introduction Bluetooth headset was something that people have been looking for long. When they connect their mobile phone to their mobile then people use to get irritated with the wire that use to start from the pockets to the ears. It wasnt difficult to manage but it was irritating to some extent. Specifically if one is travelling with their headset on. If one is listening to music and walking in the crowd then the wire of the Bluetooth headset may be pulled off by some random person who just passes and this may lead to frustration. Bluetooth headset has sorted out all the problems. Instead of wires, waves will be used to connect the headset and the mobile. The Bluetooth headset has a small Bluetooth radio chip and this chip creates the wave required for the purpose of connecting the headset and mobile. Apart from that, it also has a software installed in it. This is how the two Bluetooth enabled product, mobile phone and headset, will connect with each other. Pairing the headset and the mobile is a very easy thing to do and hence, it can be done by any person who got a basic understanding about the usage of mobile phone (Abraham 2013). Why Bluetooth headset can be considered to be an innovation? Bluetooth headset was the need of the hour as people like to be connected with the mobile at all point of time but it is merely impossible while using headset but that is not the case with Bluetooth headset. People can just move around comfortably with Bluetooth speakers as they are wire-free. Few of the reasons due to which Bluetooth headset is considered to be an innovation are discussed below. Bluetooth headset was something unique and people wanted something like this always. People use to always think that life would be really simple if they are given a chance to communicate with each other without those wires and that is what Bluetooth headset has helped them with. This was something that people wanted but it was never explicitly said. The manufacturers of Bluetooth headset understood the problem that can be caused by the usage of wire and hence, the wire was removed (Baden-Fuller 2013). The ultimate goal of the Bluetooth headset was to help people to talk on their mobile and listen to music from their mobile even when there are no wires. The strategic goal of the Bluetooth headset was achieved with the help of Bluetooth headset. Bluetooth headset was recently introduced in the market and in the past, they were not into existence. Bluetooth headset has just come into picture, a few years ago looking at the needs and the requirements of connecting to mobile phone without a wire. Timing of innovation matters the most. If Bluetooth headset would have manufactured few years back then there are possibilities that it wouldnt have been liked by people. The usage of phone increased in the last decade and this is when Bluetooth manufacturer though that they will have to do something to the people so that they can help them to get rid of the wires. The timing was innovation was perfect and the product was innovated on the basis of need and not just randomly. Due to the need, people accepted the product immediately. Innovation theories Bluetooth headset was a great innovation as the innovator was well aware that this is the need of the future and if not now, in some time, everybody will be looking for this innovation. Diffusion of innovation theory can be considered to be the best by which the innovation of Bluetooth headset can be explained. Diffusion of innovation theory is divided into stages that will help the user to understand the stages through which innovation went through so that the product can be accepted among the users. Awareness is the first stage in the diffusion of innovation theory. The research and development department of many company realized that people are using mobiles to a great extent but people are really frustrated with the headset as it is connected to mobile with the help of the wire. People cannot use wired headsets when they are traveling in a public transport due to the crowd present. The research and development knew that they will have to produce something that is wireless but none of them were sure on how to go ahead with it as they were not aware about the technology that they can use. Most of the research and development departments in the organization were well aware that if a Bluetooth headset is introduced in the market then people will be happy for sure and at the same time, the reputation of the company will increase in the market. The research and development team started to look for ideas and they decided to launch a headset without wires in the market. They tried to gather all the information about the technology can be used. The technologies those are currently available so that the people can love to have the product that they are willing to. Research and development team wanted to be rest assured that this product will be liked by people. They tried to understand the expectations of people so that they can be sure that people will accept the product and the demand for the product in the future will be increased. The research department just wanted to be sure that the product will be liked by the people and they will accept the future. They anticipated the demand for Bluetooth headset in the future so that the product can be success in the market. The research team realized that people will like the product and the product will also add monetary value to the company. The research department decided to use the Bluetooth headset so that they can be rest assured that this product will be success in the market. They started to use the product internally before the product is introduced in the market. This helped the researcher to understand the faults that were present in the product. The problems in the Bluetooth headset were identified internally and corrected so that the users can get a more corrected product rather than that of getting a faulty product with few malfunctions. This is how the product was introduced in the market. The research and development department launched the product and it was seen that people were most than happy to adopt the product. The importance of this product was well understood by the other electronic companies as well and hence, they decided to launch the product again. Few companies tried to make further improvement in the product so that the people can opt for their product rather than that of the product that was launched first in the market. The research and development department was successful in launching a new product as it was accepted by the people. Commercial challenges for Bluetooth headset While the Bluetooth headset was innovated, there were few challenges. Few of the commercial challenges that have been creating an impact on the innovation of Bluetooth headset are discussed below. Finding an idea itself is a problem with many electronic companies. Today there are plenty for electronic companies and each company wants to do something new so that they can survive in the competitive market. Many companies come up with many ideas but they are all well aware that all the ideas cannot be considered to be successful. Most of the ideas werent liked by the people and hence, the products just vanished from the market. The research and development team frequently comes up with ideas but arent accepted and hence, they look for ways by which they can come up with something new that will be accepted by the people so that the company can make monetary benefit out of it. Bluetooth headset was a plan that may not be easily accepted by people and hence, the research team of the organization may not be sure of approving the plan. The management of the organization should be convinced so that they can approve the budget that will be required for the purpose of completing the research. The new product requires a lot of efforts and finance as well. Getting approval for finance is a difficult thing and this is one of the biggest challenges that any innovation has to face and Bluetooth headset is not an exemption (Eiriz 2013). Bluetooth headset is a new technology and hence, getting government approvals was one of the things that had to be taken care by the organizations. The organization had to communicate the plan with the government officials and accordingly approvals were taken. Apart from that, the management and legal officials of the organization just checked with the existing policies so that the organization can be sure that they are in line with the existing policies of the organization. This is a challenge as a lot of time, energy and financial resource is invested so that the management can be rest assured that they arent manufacturing and introducing something illegal in the market. Lastly, Bluetooth headset was a very catchy technology and hence, most of the people wanted to have something similar. It was seen that in no time that this technology was adopted by others and hence, it was very difficult for the company to regain the money that they had invested. The management had to make huge investments in the intellectual property rights. Talking about the innovation in Bluetooth headset, it was seen that all the companies had adopted this product in no time and hence, the early innovator wasnt able to make much profit from the product that was launched in the market. Environmental challenges for Bluetooth headset There were plenty of environmental challenges which were associated with the Bluetooth headset. The innovator had to put in efforts so that they can convince the government, the customers and also the society that the side-effects of using Bluetooth headset are not very high. These challenges were well considered and handled by the innovator so that the product can be launched in the market. Few of the environmental challenges which the innovator of Bluetooth headset had to face are discussed below. Bluetooth was considered as one of the most harmful rays that can create an impact on the environment. Bluetooth technology was relatively new and people were not convinced with the excess usage of Bluetooth technology. Even there were rumors that the rays will create an impact on the environment. People were skeptical about using Bluetooth but later, people were convinced with the technology and they adopted it. There are plenty of people who are great supporters of environment and hence, they werent convinced with the introduction of Bluetooth headset. These people started anti-bluetooth campaign and this created an impact on the sales of the headset. It is very important for people to have a product that is accepted by everyone around and hence, few of the people who were willing to buy the product were also skeptical about buying it (Zott 2010). Bluetooth headset disposal plan was not in place and hence, most of the environmental supporters started to believe that this product is just going to add further to the e-waste. Most of the electronics manufacturers have come up with ways by which they can dispose the electronic products after the usage and hence, the potential market slowly and steadily accepted by the people. Bluetooth headset is an electronic product and hence, they will emit gases during the manufacturing process, usage and also during the disposal. The manufacturers of Bluetooth headset werent able to answer on the ways by which they can dispose the Bluetooth headset in an environmentally friendly manner. There are plenty of regulations regarding the manufacturing and disposal. These regulations are to be considered when the innovator is manufacturing these products. These considerations may be expensive and hence, the innovator will have to consider those costs as well while they are planning to launch the product in the market (Mahmood 2004). Innovation implementation strategy Various implementation strategies were implemented by the Bluetooth headset manufacturing companies so that they can be established in the market. Few of the strategies that helped the organization to overcome the innovation barriers are discussed below. Bluetooth headset is not something that is just innovation and hence, the companies decided to help the customers understand that this product was produced by looking into the needs and requirements of the people. Publicizing the product helped the customers to understand about the product and also the benefits that one can get with the usage of product. Bluetooth headset was first given to opinion leaders and also the early adopters so that they can be happy with the product that they are using and this helped other people to adopt this product. The Bluetooth headset industry was well aware that producing the headset and sharing it with the customer is not the end of the innovation. Continuous opinion of people on the product was taken into consideration and hence, continuous improvement in the product was made. The connectivity between the Bluetooth headset and the mobile phone was improving due to the continuously improvement in technology. Uncertainty can create an impact on the Bluetooth headset industry and hence, serious consideration was given to it before the product was introduced in the market. Even after the product was introduced in the market, the innovators were continuously looking for products that can be considered as a direct competition for the company. Bluetooth headset is nowhere related to the cultures of the customers but the marketers were well aware that the marketing strategies for the company will have to be designed in such a way that people from different community can accept the product. If the cultural norms of people are hurt then they may not buy the product even when they are convinced with the quality and also the requirement of the product. The innovators decided to be in touch with the society so that the feedback of people can be taken seriously. On the other end, there were plenty of companies which were just trying to copy what the innovators were doing and hence, it was the responsibility of innovator to protect their intellectual property rights and also the copyrights so that they can enjoy monopoly rather than that of leaving the market freely. The marketers of Bluetooth headset were well aware that the first perception that people develop about the product can create an impact on the sales of the product an d hence, marketing was undertaken accordingly (Hennessey 2010). The innovators were well aware that looking at the problem from the customers view is not sufficient and hence, they looked for ways by which they can motivate the internal employees in the organization to identify the problems in the Bluetooth headset so that modifications in the product can be made accordingly. Forming a good perception about the product was the first thing that all the innovators were looking into and hence, they started to understand the problems from the internal customers so that the reputation of the product is not spoiled in the market. The innovator was also mentally ready to face the resistance that they may receive from the customers. The company ensured that none of the medical treatments, environmental regulations or the religious norms are hurt so that the innovator can convince the customers. The innovators decided to give sometime so that the resistance can be reduced and the acceptance will come into picture. The innovator decided to make a note of the mental perception that people hold about the product. This helped the innovator to understand the areas which arent accepted the audience. The innovators also put in efforts to change the perception that the people hold about the Bluetooth headset. They helped the audiences to understand that it is always better to carry some research rather than that of having a wrong perception (Teece 2010). The marketers decided to project the Bluetooth headset as a status quo and hence, people were motivated to buy this so that they can maintain the status that they hold in their society. Understanding the attitude and perception of people towards the product helped the marketer to understand the features of Bluetooth headset that is liked by the customer and also the features that arent accepted by the customer. The marketer had come up with marketing campaigns so that the perception that the end-user hold about the product can be changed as this will help the company to make better products and they can also plough the profits that they have invested in. The innovators were completely aware of the fact that certain products may not be accepted by the users during the initial stages but during the initial stages, the marketer should put in efforts to make the people accept the product. After a certain point of time, people will accept and use this product and this will be a part of th eir life. Once this becomes a routine, Bluetooth headset will become a part of their life and hence, people will search for the Bluetooth headset before they start for the day. It was the responsibility of the marketing team to ensure that people like the product so that this can become an integral part of their life. Any change in the organization or in the society will be resisted and this is what happened when Bluetooth headset was introduced in the market. People were well aware of what they require but people werent willing to accept the change. It was the responsibility of the innovator to make people to accept the change so that the product can be successful and at the same time, the innovator didnt want the audiences on miss on something that is beautiful and something that can form an integral part of peoples life (Silvana 2013). The innovator was well aware that the customer will make the decision to buy or not to buy the product based on the information that they have with themselves. The marketers of Bluetooth headset decided to help people with information regarding the advantages of using Bluetooth headset and also the consequences that they may face due to the usage of this product. This helped the marketing team to clear the wrong perception that people were holding about the product. The marketers decided to undertake this as they were aware that if they decide to continue with the same market then there are possibilities that people will boycott the product. The marketers made it very clear that are some hazards associated with the usage of Bluetooth headset but the positives are more than that of the negatives. The customers were put to think that if they should avoid the product to avoid the hazards or they should be motivated to accept the product so that they can take benefits of the product. Information processing model is created by the innovator so that the right amount of information can reach the people. The marketer tried to understand the appraisal process that is undertaken by the customer so that they can motivate the customer to buy the product rather than that of just holding to negative perceptions. Emotions can also create an impact on the information processing model. The customers try to understand the emotions that the customers may come across while they are talking about the product. The marketers also tried to understand the emotions that the end users hold by way of communicating to them and also making a note of their body language and facial expressions (Freund 2009). Even after the product was introduced in the market, the innovators were continuously looking for products that can be considered as a direct competition for the company. The innovators decided to be in touch with the society so that the feedback of people can be taken seriously. On the other end, there were plenty of companies which were just trying to copy what the innovators were doing and hence, it was the responsibility of innovator to protect their intellectual property rights and also the copyrights so that they can enjoy monopoly rather than that of leaving the market freely. Forming a good perception about the product was the first thing that all the innovators were looking into and hence, they started to understand the problems from the internal customers so that the reputation of the product is not spoiled in the market. The marketers of Bluetooth headset decided to help people with information regarding the advantages of using Bluetooth headset and also the consequences t hat they may face due to the usage of this product. This helped the marketing team to clear the wrong perception that people were holding about the product. The customers try to understand the emotions that the customers may come across while they are talking about the product. The marketers also tried to understand the emotions that the end users hold by way of communicating to them and also making a note of their body language and facial expressions. Innovation in the Bluetooth industry Few areas of business or few businesses give a lot of importance to business models. E-businesses are giving a lot of importance to business models. Information technology is playing a major role in all the businesses. It is seen that the businesses are implementing information technology so that manual errors can be avoided. Strategic issues can be addressed only with appropriate implementation of business models. Business models and processes can create value addition and competitive advantage for the firms. This is one of the major reasons due to which the businesses are looking for ways by which the processes can be improved to increase efficiency (Christensen 2000). E-business means that the complete business process is managed electronically. It is merely impossible for e-businesses to survive without technology and hence, e-businesses look for various innovations to be implemented in the business. The cost of internet and telecommunication is reducing continuously and this is leading to increase in the number of e-businesses. The interaction between the supplier and the customer is changing. In fact, e-businesses are one of the best innovated business models because the cost is reduced. This cost advantage is shared between the firm as well as the customer. Business model plays a very important role in creating value for the firm. The process of value creation can be beneficial to the customers as well as the organization. With the help of value creation processes, value is created for the customer and the organization gets paid for the same. Every innovation that can improve the interaction between the business and customers will be successful. Organizations should look for business models that will improve the integration between various departments too. This kind of collaboration is more suitable for organizations that have been in existence for long rather than that of the organizations which are just young in the industry (Chesbrough 2003). Business model and strategy go hand-in-hand. A strategy can be successfully implemented only when plenty of information is available. The decision maker should have access to all the information so that appropriate decision can be made. The decision maker should consider the views and interests of all the stakeholders before any strategy is implemented (Zott 2010). Organizations generate value for the society and profit for themselves by way of using the raw materials to create outputs. These outputs are used by the end user and this creates value for the organization. Generation of outputs from raw materials is possible only when proper processes are in place. Processes need to be innovative so that the organization can reduce the wastage of raw materials. Processes can be either formal or informal. Informal processes are documented and hence, all the employees in the organization are well aware that they will have to strictly stick to the stated process and informal processes arent written anywhere but every employee is aware that they will have to follow it (Chesbrough n.d.). There are various ways by which innovation can be implemented in an organization. The organization must consider its strengths and weaknesses before they choose a strategy for the implementation of new process or business model. New process or a new business model may include a lot of technical complications so the team which will be involved in the implementation of new process or business model should be chosen accordingly. If the organization has already implemented a new process and if they want to sustain the innovation then lightweight team would be more than enough. A lightweight team which has already been a part of the organization can be used for the purpose of sustaining innovation. If the innovation that has been implemented in the organization is not in place then a heavyweight team from the organization will have to be chosen. Heavyweight team will include professionals who are technically very strong and they will put in extra efforts to keep things in place. If the ex isting values of the organization and the values required for the new process is different then a heavyweight team which will be dedicated for the implementation of new process will have to be hired. If the organization thinks that even a specialty heavyweight team will not be able to successfully implement the new process then heavyweight team which will be solely responsible for the success of the new process should be hired. Implementation of new process can also be done with the help of acquisition. The organization will have to look for an organization with similar values so that both the organization can merge together and implement the same set of values. References Abraham, S, 2013, Will Business Model innovation replace strategic analysis? Strategy Leadership, Vol. 41, No. 2, pp. 31-38 Baden-Fuller, C, 2013, Business Models and Technological Innovations, Long Range Planning, Vol. 46, No. 6, pp. 419 Burkus, D, 2012, Schools of Innovation: How Academic Organizations Foster Creativity, Strategic leadership review, 2(1), pp. 8-11 Chesbrough, H, The Era of Open Innovation, MIT SLOAN Management Review, Accessed on 5th February, 2014, https://didattica.unibocconi.it/mypage/upload/48567_20081209_071712_THEERAOFOPENINNOVATION.PDF Chesbrough, H, 2003, Business Model Innovation: Opportunities and Barriers, Long range planning, Vol. 43, no. 2/3, pp. 354-363 Christensen, C, 2000, Meeting the challenge of disruptive change, Harvard Business Review, Accessed on 5th February, 2014, https://www.zurichna.com/internet/zna/SiteCollectionDocuments/en/media/FINAL%20HBR%20Meeting%20Challenge%20of%20Disruptive%20Change.pdf Eiriz, V, 2013. Firm growth and innovation: towards a typology of innovation strategy, Innovation: Management, Policy, Practice, 15(1), pp. 97 Freund, F, 2009, Business Model concepts in Corporate sustainability contexts, Centre for sustainability management, Accessed on 5th February, 2014, https://www2.leuphana.de/umanagement/csm/content/nama/downloads/download_publikationen/FlorianLuedeke_Freund_Business_Model_Concepts_in_Corporate_Sustainabilty_Context.pdf Hennessey, B, 2010, Creativity, Annual Review of Psychology, 61(1), pp. 569-598 Mahmood, I, 2004, Business groups: entry barrierinnovation debate revisited, Journal of Economic Behavior Organization, 54(4), pp. 513-531 Silvana, T, 2013, Business Model Innovation: in entrepreneurship, International entrepreneurship and management Journal, Vol. 8, No. 4, pp. 449-465 Teece, D, 2010, Business Models, Business Strategy and Innovation, Long Range Planning, Vol. 43, No. 3, pp. 172-194 Zott, C, 2010, The Business Model: Theoretical roots, recent developments and Future research, Accessed on 4th February, 2014, https://www.iese.edu/research/pdfs/di-0862-e.pdf

Internet Key Exchange

Kang Balitanas (2009) define IKE as a spontaneous key management protocol created by the combination of several other different key management protocols, and serves as the default key generator for IPsec, a shortened form for Internet Protocol Security. It creates, encrypts and authenticates all secret keys generated between two computers on a network.Advertising We will write a custom assessment sample on Internet Key Exchange specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More It further helps to determine and configure security associations (SAs) necessary for a secure communication, and specifies the protocol format, cryptographic and hashing algorithms, used between the two computers. Kyburz (2010) notes that â€Å"the two peers on either side of the SA usually store the cryptographic keys, encryption algorithms, authentication schemes, and all integrity protection mechanisms supported by that connection in the SA†. All this information is exchanged between the two computers using digital signatures and message authentication codes (MACs). Easttom (2006) defines a digital signature as any accessional data included in a message, containing an e-mail addendum, used to corroborate the authenticity of the sender of the message. They are anchored on private and public encryption keys and use digital certificates (DCs), provided by Certificate Authorities (CAs). CAs use information supplied to them to generate the digital certificate, with an encrypted private key for the requester. Kyburz (2010) asserts that, the receiver of a signature will apply the signer’s public key in the decryption and verification of the signature. Where the public key is unknown, it can be requested through a certificate request (CR). According to Mason (2002), there are two distinct phases in an IKE protocol. Phase one includes the fabrication of an authenticated and secure channel, amid the two computers, that is called the IKE Securi ty Association, by the Diffie-Hellman key correspondence being performed. In the second phase, IKE negotiates the IPsec security associations and yields the preferred keying material. Kyburz (2010) notes that, â€Å"the generated key material is transferred to the IPsec, which tracks and supervises the security of all the subsequent communication channels†. The mechanisms that IKE uses to encrypt and authenticate all forms of communications between the initiator and responder are either symmetric or asymmetric. In an asymmetric key encryption system, one key referred to as the public key, is availed to everybody, and is used to encrypt a message, but only the recipient has got the private key to decrypt the message/data.Advertising Looking for assessment on it? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More On the other hand, a symmetric data encryption, also referred to as conventional data encryption, uses a common key to encrypt an d decrypt data. The types of conventional encryption methods fall under the Extensible Authentication Protocols (EAPs) and include; Data Encryption Standard (DES), Advanced Encryption Standard (AES), International Data Encryption Standard (IDEA) among others. These are discussed below. DES uses short keys and relies on sophisticated procedures to encrypt a large amount of data quickly and efficiently, resulting in scrambled data which is difficult to decrypt without the decryption code. Initially, the data is divided into 64-bit blocks which undergo permutation. The permuted data is then manipulated by sixteen separate steps of encryption involving bit-shifting, substitutions and logical operations using a 56-bit key. It is then scrambled using a swapping algorithm, after which the scrambled data is transposed again. It is a fast method that uses sophisticated algorithms to encrypt data. An improved version of the method- referred to as triple DES or simply DES-3 is available. It re peats the encryption procedure three times, coming up with a more complex encryption of the data, thus increasing data security. AES uses the rijndael algorithm to encrypt the data. It specifies 128-bit, 192-bit and 256-bit keys for its encryptions. It utilizes a block cipher and is considered a very secure encryption method. IDEA works with 64-bit blocks of data, two at a time and produces 128-bit keys. It uses sub-keys generated from the main key to perform modular arithmetic and XOR operations to encrypt the data. Kyburz (2010) identifies some weaknesses inherent in IKE. They include; Penultimate authentication flaws- where an active adversary intercepts data exchange between two computers trying to set up SAs. This results in attacks against session key secrecy, leading to impersonation in a communique. There is also random reveal weakness, whereby an active adversary is able to derive keys from both peers. It is also vulnerable to Key Compromise Impersonation attacks, in instan ces where an attacker is able to access long-term secret keys of a particular computer. Kyburz (2010) also includes identity protection and resource exhaustion as other limitations of IKE. Mason (2002) highlights the following advantages of Internet Key Exchange that make it a secure method for key exchange; IKE protocol allows for perfect forward secrecy, which ensures superior endurance to cryptographic attacks.Advertising We will write a custom assessment sample on Internet Key Exchange specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Kyburz (2010) on the other hand notes that IKE is able to protect the two computers against man-in-the-middle attack, inherent in the standard Diffie-Hellman protocol, since even the Diffie-Hellman key exchanges are encapsulated in IKE protocol. In addition, IKE also integrates traffic selectors which permit a superior IPsec policy negotiation based on IP address and port. References Easttom, C. (2006). Network defense and countermeasures: Principles and practices. Upper Saddle River, N.J: Pearson. Balitanas, M., Kang, B. (2009). Vulnerabilities of VPN using IPSec and Defensive Measures. International Journal of Advanced Science and Technology,volume 8, 306-791. Web. Kyburz, A. (2010). An automated formal analysis of the security of the Internet Key Exchange (IKE)-Protocol in the presence of compromising adversaries. (Master’s Thesis). Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Zurich. Retrieved from https://www.research-collection.ethz.ch/bitstream/handle/20.500.11850/152399/eth-2226-01.pdf Mason, A. (2002). VPNS and VPN Technologies. Retrieved from Ciscopress.com: http://www.ciscopress.com/ This assessment on Internet Key Exchange was written and submitted by user Cloud 9 to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

A Separate Peace and The Catcher in the rye symbols essays

A Separate Peace and The Catcher in the rye symbols essays Introductory Statement: In the book The Catcher in the Rye, written by J.D. Salinger and in the novel A Separate Peace, by John Knowles, there are many significant symbols throughout both books. In Merriam-Webster Dictionary, symbolism is defined as artistic imitation or invention that is a method of revealing or suggesting immaterial, ideal, or otherwise intangible truth or states. Both Salinger and Knowles display meaningful symbols throughout their novels that give the reader a better understanding of the intentions and meanings which are revealed throughout the novels. Thesis Statement: Both Salinger and Knowles display meaningful symbols throughout their novels that give the reader a better understanding of the intentions and meanings which are revealed throughout the novels. @ What I have to do, I have to catch . . .but thats the only thing Id really like to be (Pg 173) B: This is a people shooting. . . I shoot people in this hat (Pg 22) C: Finny, his balance gone, swung his head to look at me for an instant with extreme interest, and then he tumbled sideways, broke through the little branches below and hit the bank with a sickening, unnatural thud" (Pg 52). D: We had never used this lower river . . . and into the turbid Naguamsett. (Pg 68) Paragraph 1 (Topic Sentence) @ Holdens desire to be The Catcher in the Rye has symbolic meaning of his need to stop the transition from childhood innocence to falling off the cliff and becoming a phony. Paragraph 2 (Topic Sentence) B: Holdens Red Hunting cap symbolizes his isolation and need to run from society when turned to the front, as well as his need of protection of childhood innocence, as if he is a catcher when his hat is turned to the back. Paragraph 3 (Topic Sentence) C: Finnys fall represents the fall from innocence, and ...

Charles Goodyear - The History of Vulcanized Rubber

Charles Goodyear - The History of Vulcanized Rubber Caoutchouc was the name for rubber used by the Indians of Central and South America. History of Caoutchouc Besides pencil erasers, rubber was used for many other products, however, the products were not standing up to extreme temperatures, becoming brittle in winter. During the 1830s, many inventors tried to develop a rubber product that could last year-round. Charles Goodyear was one of those inventors, whose experiments put Goodyear into debt and involved in several patent lawsuits. Charles Goodyear In 1843, Charles Goodyear discovered that if you removed the sulfur from rubber then heated it, it would retain its elasticity. This process called vulcanization made rubber waterproof and winter-proof and opened the door for an enormous market for rubber goods. Rubber Bands - On March 17, 1845, the first rubber band was patented by Stephen Perry of London, made from vulcanized rubber. Perry owned the manufacturing company Messers Perry and Co., of London, England.Elastic FabricsEraserHeelHoseRubber Soled ShoesRubber Stamp InventionBalloonsTiresVulcanized Rubber On June 24, 1844, Charles Goodyear was granted patent #3,633 for vulcanized rubber.

Alternative media Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Alternative media - Case Study Example It’s obvious this is a subtle dig at the propensity of tobacco to be a cancer causing agent. In other such co-optations Adbuster’s parodied Tiger Woods as a picture of the Nike logo in the background was featured and then a swoosh sign within Tiger Wood’s mouth was inserted. The implications for this are clear, as it demonstrates a political commentary on the means by which Nike has purchased Wood’s advertising power and voice. Another image has the slogan ‘Buy Nothing Day’ with a giant credit card running down the street displayed. In these regards, there are ultimately two means of constructing these forms of alternative commercialization. The first being the alteration of existing imagery in an effort to play on the power effects contained in these images. The second method is the direct construction of methods that call into question mainstream social ideals, for instance consumerism. References "Culture Jammers." Adbusters. N.p., 2011. We b. 7 Apr 2011. .

My Father's Life Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

My Father's Life - Essay Example His mother felt the need for change and so to upgrade him from their not so good financial background, sent him off to a school in San Francisco, where he was to put up with an aunt while attending a public school since she could not afford him the luxury of studying in a private school. The Second World War broke out while my father was still in school, and like most of his friends and all young strong and loyal men of the day, he was drafted into the army to fight for the cause of the nation he believed in. There, he drove an ambulance though his preference was to fight in the front line. He could penetrate war fields and employ skills and extraordinary tactic in missions to rescue injured solders, and once, he almost got himself killed when the ambulance he was driving was bombed by an enemy tanker missile while on a rescue mission to save the life of some seriously injured colleagues. His friends said that his cleverly wit survived him through the war. Immediately after the war, my father returned to Connecticut and decided to settle there. He later met my mother, a shy strong girl from Jamaica, with a large doze of innocent and a tremendous appetite. My father always said that he fell for her because of that gigantic appetite. They got married in a local church and were blessed with two kids: my sister and I. We grew up fast and all took after their father's strength and an outgoing character. As a young couple, my parents loved bowling and so they spent most of their spare time together on the game. My father liked partying a lot, and I can recall once my mother referring to him as a 'party animal' after he came home drank after a night of partying and playing cards with his friends. He worked hard though, and he always had two jobs going, at a minimum, all the days of his youthful life. For example, I remember he took a job as a factory worker for eight hours ever day and then took a four hour break then reported for another job in an apartment store for another six hours. Despite the heavy responsibility of supporting his young wife and the kids, he managed well enough and placed us in good private schools and at the same time affording him self a good and exciting life. He loved baseball and at one point he trained a local club which never did too well anyway. My mom once told me that after my sixth birthday, dad thought that I was old enough to know the game and so he took me along for a trial on the league. Mum came along to watch her men play. She recalls that the ball came to me and as I struggled to concentrate on the ball so had that I missed and it hit me on the face, right between my eyes, I was so embarrassed. He was a good father and had time for the kids, taking them swimming twice every week and for ice cream every Sunday afternoon. They would take the 'wife' along once in a blue moon just to keep the whining away for lack of due attention from the hubby. Sometime in her late thirties, in his late forties, one of my father's friends offered him the chance to cruise on a cruiser leaving Florida to the island. My father's wish has always been to be able to support his family without having to rely on either loans or on borrowing from the family. And so he took the

Emily Dickinson Essay Example for Free

Emily Dickinson Essay Emily Dickinson, one of the best-known American poetesses, was born in Amherst, western Massachusetts in the 1830. The house where poetess spent the greatest part of her lifetime was called the Homestead. It was built in the 1803 by her grandfather, sold and then bought out in the 1855. Her parents both graduated from the Amherst College. Emily’s father was a well-known person in the town, as he was a treasurer of Amherst College (which was earlier co-founded by her grandfather), a good lawyer and he also was a republican representative to the national legislatures. It is said that Emily’s mother didn’t play an important role in her life, as she couldn’t provide her daughter with the amount of emotions and attention she needed. The poetess herself later referred to her as a sort of a person â€Å"to whom you hurry when you are troubled†. Her early years she spent accompanied by her younger sister Lavinia and a brother whose name was Austin. Her parents, who both were the members of the orthodox Congregational Church, tried to make of her an educated and religious woman who someday will have to take care of her own family. But it became evident later that Emily’s individualistic approach to life, her certain personal features didn’t allow her to perform the social role that was prescribed for the women of her social status at that times. Emily received good education, especially for a women living in the 19th century. First she studied in the Amherst women’s academy and than she spent a year in a Mount Holyoke Female Seminary. Both the first and the second educational establishment devoted endless hours to religious edifications, so the poet’s growing up occurred under the severe religious pressure. At the academy she became notorious as one of the few students who refused to admit her faith in Christ on public. This fact darkened her further sojourn in that establishment, as Emily felt alienated and misunderstood at the place, where everybody shared the beliefs she didn’t fully support. Although she participated in the agency of the community of the Christian resurgence, she failed to become a convinced believer and didn’t join the church community. In 1955 during Emily’s travel to Washington to visit her father, who was a congressman at that period, she stopped at Philadelphia to listen the sermon of the known priest whose name was Charles Wadsworth. She corresponded with him for a long period of time and he is presumed to be Emily’s first love, one of her deeply hidden romantic disappointments which inspired her writings. Another Emily’s presumable object of passion was Samuel Bowles, the editor of the â€Å"Springfield Republican†. Today some researchers say that Dickinson stayed unmarried because of the well hidden passion she had for women. They support their viewpoint giving the feministic analysis of her verses. They also note that Emily kept very close relationship with some of her friends who were woman, and only the strict traditions and beliefs of her time didn’t allow Emily to reveal her real passions. These researchers give us the information that the poetess’s letters to her friend and sister-in-law Susanne Gilbert were thoroughly edited before publishing by her niece, to exclude all the â€Å"passionate love confessions† from there. Other scientists explain the fact of Dickinson being single by some of her personal traits which made marriage undesirable for her. Emily was said to be very careful choosing friends and some people think that she just couldn’t find a man she could live with. Some of the researchers think that the poetess’s desire to stay unmarried was dictated by the customs which existed in the USA at those times. It was acceptable for a women to stay a spinster and to â€Å"keep the house† for the rest of her life. So, both Emily and her sister Lavinia didn’t have husbands. The only member of that family whose love life was successful was their brother Austin. He married a â€Å"genteel† girl from New-York, Susanne Gilbert who later became one of the closest Emily’s friends. Dickinson kept corresponding with some of her friends and relatives for all her life. What is interesting is that she often wrote and received letters from her next door neighbor Susanne Dickinson, her brother’s wife. Emily’s letters are a valuable source that provides us with the information about her personality, character, and attitudes and, what is also important, her life patterns. Emily’s most productive years were 1858-1863, when the number of the poems written enlarged from 52 in the 1858 to the 366 in the 1852. Researches strongly argue on the reason of such productivity increase and most of them agree that there was some failed love affair in Emily’s life in the late fifties. The efforts to define the object of her interest failed. Assumptions made on this topic touched almost everybody with whom Emily communicated closely, including her brother, Susan Gilbert, her sister-in-law, Thomas Wentworth Higginson, Judge Otis Lord, Charles Wadsworth and her friend Kate Scott Anthon, but no evidence of Dickinson having a romantic affair with anyone of these people is not found yet. It is known that Emily didn’t strive for the publicity at all. Only ten of her verses were published during her life and all of these under the pseudonym. Some even think that the poetess didn’t give her permission for the publication. A data exists that she was offered by Thomas Niles of Roberts Brothers publishing house to publish her book in 1883 but refused him. It is presumed that Emily valued her privacy very much and she didn’t like the idea of becoming a well-known person. Instead of printing and publishing her books Emily Dickinson made manuscripts, which were later called fascicles, by herself. She begun to make them in 1958 and only death stopped her work. She shared her work in the narrow circle of her friends and relatives. Emily Dickinson was known for being an eccentric person throughout the dwellers of Amherst. From the 1970 she never wore anything except white dresses and she rarely went out of her yard. The poet rarely communicated with anyone except her family and those who wanted to talk to her had pass the â€Å"face-control† made by her sister Lavinia on Emily’s request. It seems that her inner world was so tender and vulnerable that it was hard for her to let a new person to enter there. Emily chose her surroundings carefully, but she gave all her love and affection to those whom she found worthy of trust. Emily died in the 1886, presumably of some kind of kidney’s disease. Her sister was astonished when she found more than a thousand verses stashed in the wooden bureau in Dickinson’s cabinet. Three volumes of Emily’s poems were published by Lavinia, but she of course couldn’t enjoy her triumph or oppose to those who criticized her. But it seems to me it wouldn’t grieve her, as she said everything she wanted to say in her verses. She made her manifest to the world and now it’s our turn.

Emmanuel Kants Ethics Essay -- essays research papers

As we discussed in class on Monday night, Kant’s main argument in the first section was dedicated to developing his belief that a rational beings have the capacity to reason and through this reason comes a beings ability to know what is right or wrong. Also, Kant revealed that a beings also have an inherent desire to keep themselves save physically and strive for happiness. Yet, these desires or needs can be fulfilled with pure instinct and that reason does not need to be used in order to reach those goals. More specifically Kant says, â€Å"The highest purposes of each individual are presumably self-preservation and the attainment of happiness.† â€Å"The fact that reason serves purposes that are higher than individual survival and private happiness.† This tells us the reason for Kant explaining t...

How Thomas Hobbes and John Locke influenced Enlightenment Thinkers Essay

The Age of Enlightenment saw many great changes in Western Europe. The Age of Enlightenment or simple â€Å"the Enlightenment† was an intellectual movement during the 18th century. Its purpose was to reform society and to advance knowledge using reason and the scientific knowledge. It supported scientific thought and opposed superstition with its favorite target being the Catholic Church. The phrase was frequently used by writers of the period itself, implying that they were emerging from centuries of darkness and ignorance into an enlightenment period fueled by reason and science. The ones who sparked the enlightenment can be traced to the 17th century. They include the two political philosophers Thomas Hobbes and John Locke. Thomas Hobbes was born on April 5, 1588 and he was best known for his work on political philosophy. His book Leviathan established the foundation for most of Western political philosophy. In Leviathan, Hobbes set out his doctrine of the foundations of states and legitimate governments. Much of the book demonstrates the necessity of a strong central authority to avoid chaos and disorder. Hobbes hypothesizes what life would be like with no government, a state which he calls the state of nature. In that state, each person would have a right to everything in the world. However, he argues that it would lead to a â€Å"war against all† because he believed that all people were evil and selfish. In order to avoid this state, people establish a civil society and conceive a social contract. According to Hobbes, society is a population under a supreme authority. Thomas Hobbes is a supporter of absolutism but he also developed some of the fundamentals of liberal thoughts such as the rights of an individual and equality for all. He was also one of the founders of modern political science as well. His understanding on humans as being matter and following the same concepts and laws as other matter remains extremely influential. John Locke was born on August 29, 1632 and he was one of the most influential English philosophers during the enlightenment period. Locke’s theory of mind is referred to as the origin of conceptions of â€Å"self† and â€Å"identities†. He theorized that the mind is a blank slate and that we were born with only instinctive ideas and that knowledge is only derived from experience. The founding fathers of the United States used many of his political ideas as the bases for the declaration of independence. Locke believed in a democratic rule and that everyone is entitled to their own rights and liberty. He thought that nobody should have absolute power so he came up with the idea of â€Å"separation of powers† meaning that the church and judicial system operate independent of the ruling class so theoretically no one can commit a crime and get away with it. Even though Thomas Hobbes and John Locke were both influential social contract theorists and great political philosophers, their ideas completely contradict each other. While Locke believed that humans were born with a clean slate and only gain knowledge through experience and experiment, Hobbes theorized that all humans were born with an evil and selfish nature which cannot be contained without a supreme authority to rule. In terms of political power, Locke believed in democratic rule while Hobbes believed in an absolute power to rule over the evil and selfish humans for if there is no absolute power, our savage instincts will take over and we will do whatever it takes to satisfy our greedy nature. As for rights, Locke believed all men are equal rights but Hobbes concluded that we should give up our rights to the government in exchange for protection. The Enlightenment was a great step in humanity to make strides in science and let reason explain our lives. Enlightenment ideas and works have been especially influential in politics. Many of the world’s democracies are built on the ideas of Locke and other political philosophers in the enlightenment period. Democratic nations, such as the United States are founded upon enlightenment ideas such as individual rights and liberty, the rights of citizens, and people’s rights to participate in the government. However, different political philosophers have different ideas about what’s best for their government. For instance, Thomas Hobbes believed in absolute monarchs, an idea which is still used today in places like Canada, Japan, Spain, and the United Kingdoms. The Enlightenment completely revolutionized the way people have thought about religion, politics, and science. It was one of the greatest events in history because it gave people the idea to challenge what they’ve always been taught to be right. It gave people a mind of their own and not fall to one supreme ruler. The legacy of the enlightenment shall never be forgotten.

Movie: The Party’s Over

Political party is a way where people of the same interest or ideas are joined together to expressed their ideas.   Conflicts between humans in terms of their views and opinions about certain topics and issues are normal.   Thus, it is where they balance each opinion and come up with the decision everyone agreed upon after the discussion. However, this may sometimes not work perfectly enough for the public and is signaled through the formation of the third parties like in United States.   This means that the two major parties have become unresponsive to the needs of the public (Wahler 1996). Today, the two major political parties of the United States are Democratic Party which evolved in 1782 from Thomas Jefferson party, and Republican Party established in 1850s by Abraham Lincoln and others who opposed the expansion of slavery (Consulate General of the United States). There are already a number of minor or third parties in United States that have evolved through time.   Green Party, Constitution Party, Independence Party, New Party, Reform Party and Labor Party are just to name some (Gunzburger 2007). The movie The Party’s Over is a documentary about the 2000 U.S. Presidential Election which follows the actor Philip Seymour Hoffman as he took an inside look at the 2000 Democratic and Republican Convention for Al Gore and George Bush. The movie draws attention for the problems of our government system especially during the 2000 United States election. Hoffman gathered views and personal opinions from a very wide range of people in society.   His interviewees are ranged from musicians like Ben Harper, to Bill Maher a political comedian, to Democrat representatives like Harol Ford Jr., to rally organizers, to a homeless woman (Lebowski 2007). Bill Maher said that American politics is run by â€Å"a system of open bribery† and the public’s voices are not heard by the government which led to a largely apathetic voting public.   Tim Robbins expanded the idea by saying that it is not mere apathy which stops many people from voting, the people are protesting against the government that’s why they do not vote (Lebowski 2007). Democrat representative Harold Ford Jr. said that the fact is that our government is a service.   And no matter how frequently poor the service is, you have no choice but to â€Å"avail† it.   It’s like you have to pay taxes even if the government is too bad for you, or else you will be jailed and tried (Lebowski 2007). On the other hand, Noam Chomsky explained that the theory is that people’s role in democracy is not just as participants but as spectators as well. She further said that during the election period, we are given two candidates to choose from, a democrat and a republican, who are actually and essentially one in the same.   Both of these parties’ candidates have the same goals and want the same outcomes for the government. But then they tend to disagree with each other violently and publicly. As a result, it doesn’t really matter to us which of the parties we elect.   And we are stuck in choosing from Democracy and Republican parties that we barely look at the third parties and independent candidates.   We are focused on our differences instead of our similarities (Lebowski 2007). Minor parties or what we call third parties often call attention to an issue that is of interest to the voters but that has been neglected by government like consumerism and environment as what Ralph Nader focused (Consulate General of the United States). The movie leaves the audience a fair question of whether the Democratic and Republican parties are different or not.   Also, it wonders on how much one’s priority is put and should put over the politics. It also seeks to get and feel the public pulse about the American politics.   And since it seeks to reach out the larger audience, it promotes the awareness of people on politics and made them have a discussion about it among themselves (Curry 2003). Works Cited Curry, Warren. â€Å"The Party’s Over.† 21 October 2003. CinemaSpeak.Com. 3 November 2007 . Gunzburger, Ron. â€Å"Directory of U.S. Political Parties.† 2007. Politics1.com. 11 November 2007 < http://politics1.com/parties.htm>. Lebowski, Jeff. â€Å"You have to insist you're right even if you know you're wrong.† 4 October 2007.   Spout LLC. 11 November 2007. â€Å"U.S. Government.† Consulate General of the United States. 3 November 2007 < http://krakow.usconsulate.gov/parties.html>. Wahler, Brenda. â€Å"Poli Sci 101: The Role of Parties.† January 1996. Montana State University.   11 November 2007 < http://home.mcn.net/~montanabw/polisci101.html>.               

Indigenous Australians History Essay

Indigenous Australians History Essay Indigenous Australians History Essay Example Indigenous Australians History Essay Example This research paper explores the theme of self-representation in the work of Indigenous creative artists. Alexis Wright and Lin Onus were chosen for the purpose of research since these two creative artists achieved the popularity and acclaim in Australia and overseas, signifying that they both succeeded in creating literature and art on the basis of the indigenous life experience and education and made a contribution to their respective fields. Alexis Wright is a representative of the Waanyi people, a novelist, educator and activist who received numerous awards for her literary work (‘Australian Literature Database’ 2015). Lin Onus was an artist and essayist who was of Koori descend and the first Koori artist to host the world touring exhibition (Grossman 2013, p. ix). THE WORK BY ALEXIS WRIGHT AND LIN ONUS AS THE SITE OF SELF-REPRESENTATION THAT EXPRESSES DIFFICULT AUSTRALIAN HISTORIES The Indigenous creative artists who speak from the perspective of their own lives and conceptions also speak on behalf of the Aboriginal people and are their voice on the literary and art scenes. On the one hand, they are challenged to express the difficulties surrounding the Aboriginal culture, race, poverty and isolation (Healy 1988; Grossmann 2003). On the other hand, they can depict a â€Å"renewed sense of identity† (Healy 1988, p. 81) and create the view of the Aboriginal people as visible and equal participants of the society. Depending on their creative choices and the strength of their voices, the self-representation of the Aboriginal people can be re-formulated and adapted. The research paper is based on the review and critical analysis of the work by Alexis Wright and Lin Onus, their bibliographical accounts and the writings on the Aboriginal literature and art, with the purpose of examining the main themes of self-representation, depicting the Aboriginal history and the role of the Indigenous creative artists. The paper argues that difficult Aboriginal histories are expressed in the creative work of Indigenous artists (Alexis Wright and Lin Onus) and exemplified by the complexities of self-representation, deriving from double identities, double histories, socialization trough language and art and contradictions inherent in the Aboriginal view of self as embedded in place and time. The Complexities of Self-Representation: Double Identities Both Alexis Wright and Lin Onus are expressing several aspects of self in their creative work. One aspect is a transformative self-production that characterises a contemporary Australian artist. An active production and representation of self as an artist is possible only with a certain degree of introspection and comparison against the â€Å"other† identity, be it a mainstream Australian or an Aboriginal. Formulating their own conceptions derived from unique personal experience, Wright and Onus represent double identities of people who are Aboriginals and mainstream Australians at the same time. For the artists, their creative works account the â€Å"true life of their history† (Healy 1988), and to some extent, they also succeed in expressing the difficult Australian histories. In Wright’s words, by reading and writing, she is â€Å"self-defining†, and the Aboriginal people who are her relatives constitute the source of â€Å"self-representation†, as was Wright’s grandmother (Wright 2002, p. 11). Therefore, the connection between the novelist’s and the Aboriginal historical self is mediated by her relatives and social contacts in the Aboriginal world. For sure, Wright attempts to position herself toward depicting the politics of life and speaking to correct the ills of the Aboriginal people. In her words, her goal as a novelist is to â€Å"speak about the pain of the Aboriginal people† (Wright 2002, p. 12). Yet, she also speaks about her own identity crisis and searches for the connections within the long and complicated history of her land (Wright 2002). The Complexities of Self-Representation: Double Histories The Aboriginal creative artists are confronted with a daunting task of speaking about two separate histories, i.e., of the Indigenous people and the Australian settlers. This task requires them to distinguish between the â€Å"settled† and the â€Å"remote† people (Stockwell and Scott 2000, p. 30) as they have not lived outside the urban areas unlike the Aboriginal people. Nevertheless, it is the distant places of Australia where the Aboriginal people have preserved their long-standing traditions discarded by the mainstream historians. While Wright coins the land names to speak about the Aboriginal land in her novels and Onus paints the non-existent landscapes that are more surreal than realistic, the Aboriginal people have unique names for identifying the regions where they live. In their language, â€Å"Murri† stands for Queensland, and they would likely dissociate with the names like Queensland and Wright’s â€Å"Carpentaria† (Stockwell and Scott 2000). Throughout their artistic careers, Wright and Onus have focused on â€Å"becoming† Australian, while the Aboriginal tradition compels them to concentrate on â€Å"being† (Stockwell and Scott 2000, p. 33). Onus describes the prevalent view of the Aboriginal art as â€Å"static† (Onus 2003, p. 92), reflecting the inert self-focus of an Aboriginal artist. When comparing the histories of the Aboriginal and the Western art, Onus finds that the latter developed in co-creating and learning from the masters (Onus 2003, p. 92). Therefore, in Australia, the mixing of the European and Aboriginal art was acceptable, while the Aboriginal art was viewed as outdated (Onus 2003). The artist’s personal preference for mixing images and cross-cultural learning is evident, and he admits it in his biographical accounts. For Onus, this inclination towards co-learning and experimentation ensured the continuity of self within the land’s history. Also, the development of On us as an artist occurred at the time of the rising of urban Aboriginal art (Grossman 2014). The art by Onus was a much needed voice representing the Aboriginal artists, whom the mainstream art curators found too â€Å"primitive† for the modernized Australian galleries (Grossman 2014). Onus was a product of an urban lifestyle with its conveniences of automobiles and air travel that could bring him to far-away exhibits. The artist admitted that the urban-versus-traditional dilemma remained central to his work (Onus 2003, p. 92). The contemporaries of Onus can find the traces of the most advanced technologies and very ancient symbols in his work that illustrate the two histories’ extremes. While Onus successfully developed his own space for expressing his perspectives on the Australian history and culture, the Aboriginal people have largely resisted what they saw as â€Å"imposed† dominant cultures (Molnar and Meadows 2009). The identities of the two people, the integrated Australian and the unsettled Aboriginal, continue to be separate. The typical Australian is seen to be laconic and pragmatic (Wright 2010), while the Aboriginal is viewed as someone concerned with spirituality and self-expression that is linked to the land, the Aboriginal stories, and teachings by the Elders (Bell 2003, p. 170). These double identities and differing histories within the Australian history were explored and expressed by Wright and Onus. Still, it was their personal experience that helped them to assume a middle ground between the two. The success of their creative expression in regard to the differing histories hinged on speaking about the parallels between the two peoples (McI ntosh 2012 , p. 125). McIntosh maintains that expressing such parallels constitutes a challenge since accepting the differences (the Aboriginal history speaks of deprivation) means that the power system must be stretched to reach the distant people (McIntosh 2012, p. 125), ensuring sufficient funding for their integration into a single society and history. The Complexities of Self-Representation: Socialization through Language The language and art are the means of creative expression where individual and social experience and conceptions are referenced. With unique words, symbols and allusions to common meanings, they are also the media of socialization in society. The Aboriginal peoples’ languages describe their environment, communicate their history and heritage and are the â€Å"voice of their land† (Bell 2003, p.170). Similarly, the Aboriginal art conveys the meanings that are common to the Indigenous people. In her biographical accounts, Wright explains the language difficulties facing a post-colonial Aboriginal person. The Aboriginals were compelled to discard their languages in order to facilitate their integration into the Australian society. Also, their traditions required them to keep silence instead of speaking. For example, the Aboriginals are told to listen, imagine and keep a secret about the intrusion to their land (Wright 2002). The Aboriginal law dictates not to even pronounc e the name of the dead (Griffith 2014). Stating that the Aboriginal people must be silent, Wright shows just how difficult it is for the Aboriginals to use their language and speak about their traumatic experience. In order to avoid the pitfall of their own culture and act as creative artists, Wright and Onus had to discard the Aboriginal language and forge a path within the mainstream society. The complexities are intensified with the Aboriginal oral tradition of passing on their stories with the help of the language. Writing about a new identity and history required to reshape the role of language as the means of oral expression towards its role in creating a memory and thus history. The Complexities of Self-Representation: Socialization through Art Onus found that he changed the way he saw the world after becoming an urban artist: he no longer viewed the landscapes as panoramic (Onus 2003, p. 94). The cross-cultural imperative for creativity required him to visualize completely different images and create from novel perspectives. Therefore, instead of the gum tree that is always noticed by the Aboriginals, Onus started painting modern-looking subjects and symbols, and he worked with a newly developed sense of humour (Onus 2003, p. 94). Onus was actively promoting the shift in the conventional view of exhibitions towards a more open view of the Aboriginal artist. Onus insisted that the art galleries should exhibit the Aboriginal art, yet he also said that the Aboriginal people could not â€Å"engage with, or relate to† the publicly exhibited art (Onus 2003, p. 94). Moreover, the Australian media and art are concentrated in the centre [cities], and an Aboriginal person from the periphery cannot benefit from them (Molnar and Meadows 2000). Onus questions when an Aboriginal person becomes an Australian, implying that the socialization and consequent integration is lengthy and contorted, if at all possible (Onus 2003). The Contradictions of Self Embedded in Place The idea that the Aboriginal people are â€Å"traditional† is deeply ingrained in the Australian society (Grossman 2003). Grossman emphasises that not only the work but also the identities of the indigenous artists are seen as â€Å"traditional† (Grossman 2003, p. 12). When speaking about the Aboriginal people, Wright calls them â€Å"the people on the outside of life† and â€Å"deprived of a voice† (Wright 2002, p. 11). In Wright’s work, there is an overarching theme of the Aboriginals living on the margins of the society whose rights are oppressed. In her novel â€Å"Carpentaria†, Wright illustrates how the identity is shaped by the geographical place. A young Australian man undergoes self-transformations while living at an Aboriginal place (Wright 2010). A similar change in identity is likely to happen to an Aboriginal man who enters the urban place. On arrival, he is viewed as a madman. In the Aboriginal people’s view, â€Å"he [E lias] was a very strange man† (Wright 2010, p. 77). Likewise, Onus was remade by the urban space where he lived, constantly facing the traditional-versus-urban conundrum (Onus 2003, p.92). Yet, in his art, Onus tried to represent a uniquely Aboriginal place left untainted by the colonization (Onus 2003). This proved practically impossible. The subject of unclear directions associated with the feeling of being lost in space and perhaps history surfaces in his paintings. For example, a colonial map is depicted illustrating the scale of the colonial dominance and a rear-view of a rainbow snake in the side mirror of a fast-moving truck implying the fast-moving changes that occur with a simultaneous orientation to the past (Ashcroft 2013). The Contradictions of Self Embedded in Time In regard to the importance of time to self, both Wright and Onus show the time as interconnected in the conscience of the Aboriginals. Wright admits that she struggles with writing about trauma (Wright 2002), and she sets her novels in the past, present and future where the traumatic experiences are present. Onus maintains that the Aboriginal stories will ever be the same; it is only the technology and the materials that differ (Onus 2003). The paintings of Onus confirm that the concept of time is central to Indigenous self-representation. His static view of self is illustrated in the zigzag-like images, where the present and the past are fused, and in the images of animals, which are considered influential by the Aboriginal people. Finally, his painting â€Å"The Road to Redfern† touches on â€Å"remembering the future† and depicts how the past and the present interconnect in producing a hopeful picture of the future (Ashcroft 2013). Wright’s most recent novel â€Å"The Swan Book† makes the imagined future into the timeframe of interactions between her characters. In this way, she brings attention to the imminent problems of the environment. The Aboriginals are shown as directly confronted with and more conscious of the environmental degradation. Wright explains why the Australian history should encompass the Aboriginals, instead of making them invisible (Healy, 1988, p.84). Moreover, illustrating how the land rights were seen as a privilege alongside the â€Å"conferred dominance† (McIntosh, 2012, p. 124) instead of being the right of the Aboriginals, she calls for improving their destiny. The latter proves that the Aboriginal creative artists may not only depict the difficulties of the Australian histories but also promote the inclusion of the marginalized Aboriginal people, thus creating a new â€Å"generation of dignity† (Healy, 1988, p. 82). Still, â€Å"The Swan Book† rema ins a scarce instance of success towards embracing diversity. The creative production of the Aboriginal life and the true representation of the Australian histories remain a difficult pursuit. Meanwhile, the destiny of the Aboriginal people is obscured, indefinite and uninteresting. In the work of Alexis Wright and Lin Onus, there is some indication that the Indigenous creative artists search for a middle way as mediators to express the difficult Australian histories. Yet, Wright and Onus are in a privileged position of the Aboriginals who, while struggling with their double identities, function as part of the mainstream. From this position, they can speak in the artist’s unique language that has links to both the mainstream and the Indigenous histories. Wright and Onus abandoned their original Aboriginal language and art framework: this was a difficult path that allowed them to pursue the desired careers. Yet, this was not the only requirement for ensuring self-representation. The Aboriginal people cannot socialize into the mainstream art without accessing the centrally located galleries, and when they do, new symbols and meanings are often misunderstood. Since they are located on the periphery of the Australian society, their socialization through a conventional language and art is constrained. As Wright and Onus create in new literary and artistic genres respectively, they depart from the Aboriginal tradition and embark on a process of self-production and representation that is accompanied by numerous complexities. The work by Wright and Onus expresses the contradictions in regard to the space and time as essential aspects of an Indigenous self. The Aboriginal identity is a product of the Aboriginal place. The differences between the urban and traditional places are drastic, as depicted in the creative artists’ work and bibliographic accounts. Moreover, while there is an attempt to build the parallels between the Aboriginal and the mainstream societies, the encounters between the two places produce a changed identity. For the Aboriginal people, the past and the present are seen as fused, and trauma is present at all times. The future is depicted as also connected, where there is some indication of hope, as in Onus’ â€Å"The Road to Redfern†. The Aboriginal identity depicted by the Indigenous artists in their work shows an overwhelmingly complex process of the Aboriginal peoples’ identity production and representation and illustrates the difficult histories of the Aboriginals in the Australian society.

20 Poetic Metaphors About Time

20 Poetic Metaphors About Time According to proverbs, time heals, steals, and flies. In that same vein, time is also something we all make and take, save and spend, keep, waste, kill, and lose. Habitually and almost without thinking, we explain our relationship to time through metaphors. In ​More Than Cool Reason: A Field Guide to Poetic Metaphor (University of Chicago Press, 1989), George Lakoff and Mark Turner remind us that Metaphor isnt just for poets; its in ordinary language and is the principal way we have of conceptualizing abstract concepts like life, death, and time. So whether were spending it or running out of it (or both), we deal with time metaphorically. 20 Metaphorical Quotes About the Definition of Time Time is a circus, always packing up and moving away. - Ben Hecht Time, you old gipsy man,Will you not stay,Put up your caravanJust for one day? - Ralph Hodgson, Time, You Old Gipsy Man Prince, I warn you, under the rose,Time is the thief you cannot banish.These are my daughters, I suppose.But where in the world did the children vanish? - Phyllis McGinley, Ballade of Lost Objects But thats where I am, theres no escaping it. Times a trap, Im caught in it. - Margaret Atwood, The Handmaids Tale Time is the reef upon which all our frail mystic ships are wrecked. - Noel Coward, Blithe Spirit She tried to discover what kind of woof Old Time, that greatest and longest established Spinner of all, would weave from the threads he had already spun into a woman. But his factory is a secret place, his work is noiseless, and his Hands are mutes. - Charles Dickens, Hard Times Time is a storm in which we are all lost. Only inside the convolutions of the storm itself shall we find our directions. - William Carlos Williams, Introduction to Selected Essays Time is but the stream I go a-fishing in. I drink at it; but while I drink I see the sandy bottom and detect how shallow it is. Its thin current slides away, but eternity remains. - Henry David Thoreau, Walden Time is a flowing river. Happy those who allow themselves to be carried, unresisting, with the current. They float through easy days. They live, unquestioning, in the moment. - Christopher Morley, Where the Blue Begins Time is an equal opportunity employer. Each human being has exactly the same number of hours and minutes every day. Rich people cant buy more hours; scientists cant invent new minutes. And you cant save time to spend it on another day. Even so, time is amazingly fair and forgiving. No matter how much time youve wasted in the past, you still have an entire tomorrow. - Denis Waitely,  The Joy of Working Old Time, in whose banks we deposit our notesIs a miser who always wants guineas for groats;He keeps all his customers still in arrearsBy lending them minutes and charging them years. - Oliver Wendell Holmes, Our Banker Time is the coin of your life. It is the only coin you have, and only you can determine how it will be spent. Be careful lest you let other people spend it for you. - Carl Sandburg Yesterday is a canceled check; tomorrow is a promissory note; today is the only cash you have, so spend it wisely. - Kay Lyons Time is a fixed income and, as with any income, the real problem facing most of us is how to live successfully within our daily allotment. - Margaret B. Johnstone What am I now that I was then?May memory restore again and againThe smallest color of the smallest day:Time is the school in which we learn,Time is the fire in which we burn. - Delmore Schwartz, Calmly We Walk Through This Aprils Day Time is a dressmaker specializing in alterations. - Faith Baldwin, Face Toward the Spring Initially, I was unaware that time, so boundless at first blush, was a prison. - Vladimir Nabokov, Speak, Memory Time is an irreversible arrow, and we can never return to the self that we sloughed off in childhood or adolescence. The man trying to wear youths carefree clothing, the woman costuming her emotions in dolls dresses - these are pathetic figures who want to reverse times arrow. - Joshua Loth Liebman, Renunciation of Immaturity,  Ã¢â‚¬â€¹from Peace of Mind Time is a great teacher, but unfortunately it kills all its pupils. - Hector Berlioz Time is a gift, given to you,given to give you the time you needthe time you need to have the time of your life. - Norton Juster, The Phantom Tollbooth

Critically assess the ideological differences between Old Labour and Essay

Critically assess the ideological differences between Old Labour and New Labour - Essay Example Following the internal transformations in the party’s ideology from which had already started to take place since 1979, Tony Blair in 1993 pointed out the confusing ends of the clause IV and put forward the alternative statement for the clause IV. During his first speech as the leader of the Labour Party he explained that in order to find out the solutions to the various problems being faced by the British nation, the country needs a transformation and that transformation has to first take place in the Party’s aims and objectives. Concluding his first address as the party leader he said: Let us be blunt. Our system of Government has become outdated. Our economy has been weakened. Our people have been under-educated. Our welfare state and public services have been run down and our society has been made more divided than at any time for 100 years, but our politics need not be like this. Our country need not be like this. Ours is a project of national renewal, renewing our commitment as a nation, as a community of people in order to prepare and provide for ourselves in the new world we face. We must build a nation with pride in itself. A thriving community, rich in economic prosperity, secure in social justice, confident in political change. That is our hope. Not just a promise to change – but to achieve it. Our party; New Labour – Our mission; New Britain. New Labour New Britain. Old Labour proclaimed its faithfulness with socialism but could not establish it in the true sense. The New Labour claims that it stands for a democratic socialism which can be termed as a benign capitalism, and unlike the Old Labour, New Labour stands with what it says. The problem with the Old Labour party was the fact that it believed in gradual change; it always claimed its loyalties to be with socialism, however it never succeeded to implement it, the policy of gradual change only complicated things

Leadership Assumptions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Leadership Assumptions - Essay Example Educational leaders are not pre defined and moulded into certain stature. They are people who may be in the position to influence and motivate students to give their best. Educators and school administrators both can take up the role of educational leaders because both of them have the capacity to wield considerable influence among the students and teachers alike so that they give their best. Good leadership teaches through self example. Students like to emulate persons who inspire them and are capable of instilling self confidence. It is especially relevant in the context of multi cultural society where students learn to interact with each other without racial prejudice. They learn to develop attitude and behaviour which is conducive for a mutually benefiting and tolerant society. Educational leadership is a strong tool for promoting independent thought and actions with good analytical and rational approach towards issues and people thus facilitating and building a society which believes in peaceful coexistence in a multicultural atmosphere. Good leaders build relationships based on mutual trust and confidence which is the main reason that changes are accepted with equanimity. Students learn to become good leaders through observation and imbibe qualities that help them to evolve as an individual with strong character. In the educational institutes, peer leadership promotes and develops, quality education with scientific temperament incorporating the needs of the changing time. School administrator as educational leader, helps create a congenial atmosphere of learning and encourages students and teachers alike to develop skills and knowledge base that would be mutually beneficial to them. Students get effective learning environment and teachers are provided with a wider scope for professional growth in the area of core competencies. They

LAND LAW Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

LAND LAW - Essay Example The general rule is that contracts are not transmissible and cannot be enforced against third parties. However, this rule is not absolute and admits exception as when real rights are affected then the terms and conditions of the contracts entered into by other persons may be enforced or deemed binding upon said thirds parties and acquiescence or recognition of rights bestowed is rendered compulsory. A natural person or juridical entity therefore is free to enter into an agreement to exercise dominion or ownership over a property. Ownership of a real property in fee simple excludes all others from the enjoyment and possession thereof giving the owner complete and unconditional rights over the property to cede, dispose, transfer, mortgage or otherwise alienate it in a manner not contrary to law, public policy and good morals. An owner’s unbridled right or dominion over the property should be mindful of the rights of others to peaceful co-existence. It should not be a nuisance as to usurp the rights of others to freely enjoy fruits or benefits of their properties as well. Legal concerns are presented by Mineral Ventures resulting in its acquisition over the freehold owned by Leo through foreclosure proceedings after he defaulted in the payment of the loan he procured in 2007. Though Leo voluntarily vacated the premises, the problem arose when he removed a number of huts built in 2004 which were attached individual plinths that served as offices and facilities for his employees. Another issue which must be equally given attention is the claim of ownership of Reckless Rail (RR) over the one mile railway track connected from the freehold to the national railway system. RR now asserts its ownership over the railway track as Leo defaulted in the payment of the annual installment. Pursuant to its agreement with Leo, RR shall retain ownership over the track until it is fully compensated for its supply and fitting of concrete sleepers and steel rails. Mineral Ventu res wants to find out if it has rights to run after Leo for the return of huts he removed and if Mineral Ventures can sell the freehold with the railway track without recognizing RR’s rights over it. Elementary is the rule that Leo as the landowner can validly enter and in fact had entered into a legal property mortgage agreement with Mineral Ventures covering Prospect Hills to keep Leo’s business operations afloat. Prior to the execution of the real estate mortgage, it is likewise indisputable that Leo had executed a binding and enforceable commercial contract agreement with RR. Under the agreement between Leo and RR, it was mutually consented and stipulated that the ownership of the railways RR installed in Prospect Hills stretching towards the national railway shall be retained by it until the annual installments are paid in full. On the first issue posed by Mineral Ventures if it has legal standing to demand for the return of the huts or in the alternative, entitle d to be indemnified or to recover the cost of the huts, it must first be determined whether the huts are considered immovable or real property and movable or personal property. A property is considered as immovable by its nature if it is land, roads, mines, quarries and others of similar nature. A structure however is characterized as an immovable property if it is incorporated or adhered to the soil in a fixed or permanent manner